Classification of MRI Brain images using GLCM, Neural Network, Fuzzy Logic & Genetic Algorithm

Detection of Brain abnormality could be a vital and crucial task in medical field. Resonance Imaging Brain image detection method offers the knowledge of the various abnormalities in Brain. This helps the doctors in treatment coming up with. Within the previous work, within the field of medical image process several scientist and soft computing techniques have totally different strategies like totally automatic and semiautomatic. During this projected technique, 2 totally different classification strategies are used along for the classification of magnetic resonance imaging Brain pictures. Those classification strategies square measure Neural Network and fuzzy logic. With this projected hybrid technique Genetic algorithmic program is employed for the optimization. Projected technique consists of various stages. Knowledge assortment through numerous hospitals or repository sites and convert original data pictures into gray scale image. Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix technique is employed for the extraction of the options from the gray scale image. Optimization technique Genetic algorithmic program is especially used for reducing the options that square measure extracted by GLCM for simple classification and reducing the convergence time or computation time. there\'s a hybrid classifier is employed for classification of magnetic resonance imaging brain pictures specifically Neural and Fuzzy classifier. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15060

Inelastic Behavior of Steel and Composite Frame Structure Subjected to Earthquake Loading

Steel construction is used more often these days as an alternative to the R.C.C. when lightweight, high-strength, large-span structures with a faster erection are required. Extensive studies have been conducted by researchers to study the seismic performance of reinforced concrete and steel structures, both in terms of elastic and inelastic behavior. Composite construction is also a recent advancement in the building industry with similar advantages. However, no emphasis has been given to the comparison between the inelastic behavior of steel and composite structures when subjected to lateral loads. This study compares the inelastic behavior of steel and a composite frame designed to have the same plastic moment capacity for structural members. The responses, such as the formation of hinges, story drifts, story displacements, lateral stiffness, ductility, maximum strength, energy dissipated, joint accelerations, and performance points, are compared with the aid of the building analysis and design software ETABS-18. For this, response spectrum analysis, pushover analysis, and nonlinear direct integration time history analysis have been performed on both frames. For design and analysis, international codes, such as IS 800-2007, IS 875 (Part I, II, IV), IS 1893-2002, AISC 360 (16 and 10), and FEMA 440, have been used. Part of this study also aims at comparing the response of these frames when subjected to near-field and far-field earthquakes. It can be concluded from the results that the post-yield performance of the composite frame is superior to that of the steel frame when seismically excited

Seasonal Changes in Bird Species and Feeding Guilds along Elevational Gradients of the Central Himalayas, Nepal

<div><p>The Himalayas are a global hotspot for bird diversity with a large number of threatened species, but little is known about seasonal changes in bird communities along elevational gradients in this region. We studied the seasonality of bird diversity in six valleys of the Central Himalayas, Nepal. Using 318 plots with a 50 m radius, located from 2200 to 3800 m a.s.l., and repeated sampling during different seasons (mainly pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon), we analyzed 3642 occurrences of 178 species. Birds classified in the literature as resident were more species-rich than migratory birds (140 vs. 38 species). In all six valleys and within the studied elevation range, species richness of all birds showed a peak at mid-elevation levels of 2600 or 3000 m a.s.l. Similar patterns were found for the most species-rich feeding guilds of insectivores (96 species) and omnivores (24 species), whereas the species richness of herbivores (37 species including frugivores) increased towards higher elevations. Among these feeding guilds, only species richness of insectivores showed pronounced seasonal changes with higher species numbers during post-monsoon season. Similarly, individual bird species showed distinct spatio-temporal distribution patterns, with transitions from species dominated by elevational differences to those characterized by strong seasonal changes. In an era of climate change, the results demonstrate that individual bird species as well as feeding guilds might greatly differ in their responses to climate warming and changes in the seasonality of the precipitation regime, two aspects of climate change which should not be analyzed independently.</p></div

Contrasting seasonal distributions of individual bird species along the elevational gradient.

<p>(a-d) Distributions of four frequent bird species at different elevation levels and during different seasons. Numbers and the diameter of the circles illustrate the number of plots with the species observations. (e) Variation partitioning and the independent effects of elevation and season in explaining these distributions for the 15 most frequent bird species. For species abbreviations and additional distribution plots, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158362#pone.0158362.s002" target="_blank">S2 Table</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0158362#pone.0158362.s004" target="_blank">S4</a> Fig.</p

Overall species richness and number of species observations per plot for different species groups and along the elevational gradient.

<p>Species richness and sum of species observations per plot for (a) different migration types and (b) different feeding guilds, both based on the entire dataset of 314 plots. The average overall number of bird species per plot along the elevational gradient for different migration types (c) and feeding guilds (d) are shown.</p

Sample-based rarefaction curves of estimated species richness of birds in the first two valleys Nubri (MCA) and Dudhkoshi (DDV) for the three most frequent feeding guilds (i.e., insectivores, herbivores, and omnivores) and for the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons.

<p>Dashed lines indicate the 95% confidence interval (CI) of pre-monsoon estimates.</p

Sample-based rarefaction curves of estimated species richness of birds in the first two valleys Nubri (MCA) and Dudhkoshi (DDV) during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons.

<p>Dashed lines indicate the 95% confidence interval (CI) of pre-monsoon estimates.</p