Modeling on-grate MSW incineration with experimental validation in a batch incinerator

This Article presents a 2-D steady-state model developed for simulating on-grate municipal solid waste incineration, termed GARBED-ss. Gas-solid reactions, gas flow through the porous waste particle bed, conductive, convective, and radiative heat transfer, drying and pyrolysis of the feed, the emission of volatile species, combustion of the pyrolysis gases, the formation and oxidation of char and its gasification by water vapor and carbon dioxide, and the consequent reduction of the bed volume are described in the bed model. The kinetics of the pyrolysis of cellulosic and noncellulosic materials were experimentally derived from experimental measurements. The simulation results provide a deep insight into the various phenomena involved in incineration, for example, the complete consumption of oxygen in a large zone of the bed and a consequent char-gasification zone. The model was successfully validated against experimental measurements in a laboratory batch reactor, using an adapted sister version in a transient regime. © 2010 American Chemical Society

Indian Financial Systems and Stockmarkets During COVID 19- Shape off Post Covid Through AI and Other Digital Tools

Introduction: Apart from the loss of precious lives, COVID-19 pandemic caused setbacks to all the developmental works, progress of the economy of all countries with serious repercussions on financial systems and stock markets. Most economies, including Indian stock markets since recovered from the shock, showing robustness due to stringent regulatory framework, started rebuilding, from the vertical fall. India as a nation had sufficient leeway to respond to the crisis and market instability, due to its inner strength. Aim: This is a theoretical study of the reaction of stock markets, also of expansionary monetary policies during pandemic, the resurgence of financial system and recovery of Indian stock markets, with extreme adoption of Digital tools like AI for Algo trading . Method: Secondary research methods have been adopted, for analyzing conceptual approaches of regulatory frameworks of the Securities market, Central bank, amid volatility, to draw conclusions. The stock market data (NSE) is subjected to VaR test. Findings: The Study finds that country has responded quickly to the outbreak of the crisis by easing capital and liquidity requirements or at least refraining from the previously planned tightening. At the same time, the authors noticed that loan-based measures and minimum reserve requirements were rarely relaxed and risk weights were not changed at all. Digital tools like Algo trading, AI based advisory gained prominence Conclusion: The impact of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on financial system and the stock markets in India, is significant. But Monetary policy, liquidity operations and aid packages that were offered by the Government have minimized the impact to a large extent and brought the financial systems back onto the rail. Key Words: Corona Virus, Financial Markets, Stock market, Algo trade

The influence of certain fungi on the sporulation of Melanospora destruens shear and of some other ascomycetes

This article does not have an abstract

Neural apparent BRDF fields for multiview photometric stereo

We propose to tackle the multiview photometric stereo problem using an extension of Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs), conditioned on light source direction. The geometric part of our neural representation predicts surface normal direction, allowing us to reason about local surface reflectance. The appearance part of our neural representation is decomposed into a neural bidirectional reflectance function (BRDF), learnt as part of the fitting process, and a shadow prediction network (conditioned on light source direction) allowing us to model the apparent BRDF. This balance of learnt components with inductive biases based on physical image formation models allows us to extrapolate far from the light source and viewer directions observed during training. We demonstrate our approach on a multiview photometric stereo benchmark and show that competitive performance can be obtained with the neural density representation of a NeRF.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl

Latent wither-tip infection on citrus

1. Small pinkish-white fungal areas ofColletotrichmu gloeosporioides Penz. were observed on trunks and main branches of orange plants. In certain localities mosambi plants were also infected. 2. Water shoots and young twigs were always found free from the infection. 3. During summer months the mycelium of the fungus survives in the form of pink coloured stroma in small cracks in the bark of orange or mosambi trees and thus tides over the unfavourable atmosphere condition. 4. Mycelium on the host persists as inter- and intra-cellula parasite in one or two layers of the cortical tissue. 5. The disease could be induced artificially. 6. Measurements of the spores, setae and hyphae are given. 7. The isolated strain of C. gloeosporioides corresponds to strain A, No. 316 of Chaudhari and practically falls within the second group of Baker, Crowdy and MeKee. 8. Acervuli of the pathogen has been observed on dead wood also

Bacterial leaf-spot on arum

This article does not have an abstract

Simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation of reactive dyes using jatropha deoiled cakes

© BEIESP. Endemic pollution problems due to discharge of wastewaters are affecting all the aspects of human life. The poor quality effluents coming from industries is destroying the fragile ecosystem, leading to various apprehensions amongst researchers and scientific communities. Treatment of wastewaters have become an urgent need of the society, which cannot be ignored. Incineration, absorption on solid matrices and biological treatment are some of the effluent treatment methods available. These methods, however, have their own disadvantages. This work explores the application of jatropha deoiled cakes on the concurrent adsorption and biological degradation of reactive dyes. Reactive blue, reactive yellow, reactive red were used for the experiments. The combined experiments were tested for effect of glucose concentrations as well as initial concentrations. Glucose concentrations of 1 g/l, 2 g/l and 3 g/l were taken. All the dyes were varied from 100 ppm to 600 ppm. It was observed that combined degradation yielded higher degradation compared to biological degradation alone. The degradation rate varied with the variation of glucose concentration and it also varied with the initial concentration

Randomly arranged cation-ordered nanoregions in lead-free relaxor ferroelectric K1/2Bi1/2TiO3: Prediction from first-principles study

First-principles density functional calculations are performed to investigate the lattice dynamics, Infrared reflectivity, and Raman intensity spectra of a lead-free ferroelectric K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 system. In particular, the A-site cation ordering in K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 and its effects on lattice dynamics and the Raman spectrum are explored. The results suggest that the cation ordering at the A-site in K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 significantly influences its Raman spectra. From the analysis of theoretical and experimental Raman spectra, it is suggested that randomly arranged cation ordered nanoregions with different A-site orderings are formed in K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 samples. The random arrangement is favored by entropy contributions to free energy and may explain the lack of observed long-range A-site cation ordering in K1/2Bi1/2TiO3. Further, it is suggested that partial A-site cation ordering may also occur in K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 favored by kinetic factors during sample preparation. The Born effective charges of K and Bi ions at the A-site are computed and found to be significantly disparate, thereby suggesting hetero-polar activity at the A-site in K1/2Bi1/2TiO3. The formation of A-site hetero-polar cation ordered nanoregions and their random or/and partially ordered arrangement in K1/2Bi1/2TiO3 may play an important role in the determination of its relaxor properties apart from the dominant role played by polar nanoregions. The computed Infrared reflectivity and Raman intensity spectra are expected to provide benchmark first-principles results for further analysis of experimental spectra and results

Combustion Behaviour of Advanced Solid Propellants.

The study reports the effect of incorporation of Al and ammonium perchlorate (AP) individually and in combination with each other on combustion pattern and specific impulse (Isp) of minimum signature propellants. Incorporation of Al obviates the combustion instability problems; however, it has marginal effect on burning rates. The composition containing AP and zirconium silicate combination gives superior performance; however, its Isp is considerably lower than the composition incorporating 9 per cent AP. A combination of 6 per cent Al gave 20 per cent enhancement in burning rate and 12 s increase in Isp as compared to purely nitramine-based composition, cal-val results also reveal increase in energy output on incorporating AP and Al. Hot stage microscopic and propellant combustion studies indicate occurrence of intense decomposition reaction in case of AP-based compositions

Charge density studies of energetic material: RDX

Experimental charge density study has been carried out for Cyclotrimethylene-trinitramine (space group Pbca), an explosive material from a low temperature X-ray diffraction experiment. The electron density was modeled using the Hansen-Coppens multipole model and refined to R=0.032 for 6226 unique observed reflections. The electron density, laplacian and electrostatic potential distributions are reported and discussed, especially, the properties of the bond (3,-1) critical points, which are thought to play a key role in the decomposition of the molecule. From the bond topological analysis of all the bonds, it is observed that the N–N bond is the weakest. The dominating nature of the oxygen atoms was clearly well understood from isosurface electrostatic potential of isolated and symmetrically sitting molecules in the crystal