Evaluation de la mise en oeuvre du plan canicule dans le canton de Vaud en 2015

Le SSP a mis en place depuis 2009 un plan cantonal de prévention et d'intervention sanitaire en cas de canicule qui a depuis évolué et s'est affiné pour aboutir au plan canicule actuel, daté de mars 2014. Ce plan a pour objectifs principaux « de prévenir et d'atténuer les atteintes à la santé de la population dues à la chaleur accablante et d'éviter la surcharge du système sanitaire ». Ce plan décrit les procédures à suivre et le rôle des différent-e-s acteurs/actrices concerné-e-s en cas de canicule. Ces personnes sont réunies au sein d'un groupe appelé « Groupe alerte canicule » (GA) formé de représentant-e-s de divers services de l'administration cantonale et des professionnel-le-s du domaine socio-sanitaire. Si toute la population est visée par les messages de prévention et les recommandations de ce plan, les cibles principales en sont les personnes âgées de 70 ans et plus, à travers notamment le système des visites communautaires. Le niveau « canicule persistante » de ce plan a été activé pour la première lors des deux épisodes caniculaires de l'été 2015, suite à quoi le SSP a mandaté l'IUMSP pour mener une évaluation de processus portant sur la mise en oeuvre de ce plan

CLERK is a novel receptor kinase required for sensing of root-active CLE peptides in <i>Arabidopsis</i>.

CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptides are secreted endogenous plant ligands that are sensed by receptor kinases (RKs) to convey environmental and developmental inputs. Typically, this involves an RK with narrow ligand specificity that signals together with a more promiscuous co-receptor. For most CLEs, biologically relevant (co-)receptors are unknown. The dimer of the receptor-like protein CLAVATA 2 (CLV2) and the pseudokinase CORYNE (CRN) conditions perception of so-called root-active CLE peptides, the exogenous application of which suppresses root growth by preventing protophloem formation in the meristem. &lt;i&gt;clv2&lt;/i&gt; as well as &lt;i&gt;crn&lt;/i&gt; null mutants are resistant to root-active CLE peptides, possibly because CLV2-CRN promotes expression of their cognate receptors. Here, we have identified the &lt;i&gt;CLE-RESISTANT RECEPTOR KINASE&lt;/i&gt; ( &lt;i&gt;CLERK&lt;/i&gt; ) gene, which is required for full sensing of root-active CLE peptides in early developing protophloem. CLERK protein can be replaced by its close homologs, SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SARK) and NSP-INTERACTING KINASE 1 (NIK1). Yet neither CLERK nor NIK1 ectodomains interact biochemically with described CLE receptor ectodomains. Consistently, &lt;i&gt;CLERK&lt;/i&gt; also acts genetically independently of &lt;i&gt;CLV2-CRN&lt;/i&gt; We, thus, have discovered a novel hub for redundant CLE sensing in the root

Evaluation des activités d’information et de sensibilisation du Programme Cantonal Tabac Tessinois (PCT1) : rapport final

Le programme cantonal tabac 2015-2018 du canton du Tessin a pour but de consolider la dénormalisation de la consommation de tabac au sein de la population tessinoise. Parmi les projets qui composent ce programme, le PCT1 a pour objectif principal de produire et de diffuser différents supports d’information et d’assurer une présence sur le terrain afin de sensibiliser la population aux risques liés à la consommation de tabac. Objectifs de la phase finale de l’évaluation: La phase finale de cette évaluation poursuivait les trois objectifs principaux suivants : 1) mesurer l’atteinte des objectifs du PCT1 en matière de couverture, de diffusion de connaissances et d’impact sur les attitudes en lien avec le tabagisme et sa prévention au sein de la population tessinoise ; 2) identifier les pratiques exemplaires en matière de communication à large échelle de message de prévention du tabagisme ; 3) mieux comprendre les processus à l’oeuvre dans le pilotage et la mise en oeuvre du PCT1

The use of phylogeny to interpret cross-cultural patterns in plant use and guide medicinal plant discovery: an example from Pterocarpus (Leguminosae)

The study of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants has led to discoveries that have helped combat diseases and improve healthcare. However, the development of quantitative measures that can assist our quest for new medicinal plants has not greatly advanced in recent years. Phylogenetic tools have entered many scientific fields in the last two decades to provide explanatory power, but have been overlooked in ethnomedicinal studies. Several studies show that medicinal properties are not randomly distributed in plant phylogenies, suggesting that phylogeny shapes ethnobotanical use. Nevertheless, empirical studies that explicitly combine ethnobotanical and phylogenetic information are scarce.In this study, we borrowed tools from community ecology phylogenetics to quantify significance of phylogenetic signal in medicinal properties in plants and identify nodes on phylogenies with high bioscreening potential. To do this, we produced an ethnomedicinal review from extensive literature research and a multi-locus phylogenetic hypothesis for the pantropical genus Pterocarpus (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae). We demonstrate that species used to treat a certain conditions, such as malaria, are significantly phylogenetically clumped and we highlight nodes in the phylogeny that are significantly overabundant in species used to treat certain conditions. These cross-cultural patterns in ethnomedicinal usage in Pterocarpus are interpreted in the light of phylogenetic relationships.This study provides techniques that enable the application of phylogenies in bioscreening, but also sheds light on the processes that shape cross-cultural ethnomedicinal patterns. This community phylogenetic approach demonstrates that similar ethnobotanical uses can arise in parallel in different areas where related plants are available. With a vast amount of ethnomedicinal and phylogenetic information available, we predict that this field, after further refinement of the techniques, will expand into similar research areas, such as pest management or the search for bioactive plant-based compounds

Cerebrospinal Fluid Dendritic Cells Infiltrate the Brain Parenchyma and Target the Cervical Lymph Nodes under Neuroinflammatory Conditions

BACKGROUND: In many neuroinflammatory diseases, dendritic cells (DCs) accumulate in several compartments of the central nervous system (CNS), including the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Myeloid DCs invading the inflamed CNS are thus thought to play a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of CNS-targeted autoimmune responses. We previously reported that, in normal rats, DCs injected intra-CSF migrated outside the CNS and reached the B-cell zone of cervical lymph nodes. However, there is yet no information on the migratory behavior of CSF-circulating DCs under neuroinflammatory conditions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To address this issue, we performed in vivo transfer experiments in rats suffering from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. EAE or control rats were injected intra-CSF with bone marrow-derived myeloid DCs labeled with the fluorescent marker carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE). In parallel experiments, fluorescent microspheres were injected intra-CSF to EAE rats in order to track endogenous antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Animals were then sacrificed on day 1 or 8 post-injection and their brain and peripheral lymph nodes were assessed for the presence of microspheres(+) APCs or CFSE(+) DCs by immunohistology and/or FACS analysis. Data showed that in EAE rats, DCs injected intra-CSF substantially infiltrated several compartments of the inflamed CNS, including the periventricular demyelinating lesions. We also found that in EAE rats, as compared to controls, a larger number of intra-CSF injected DCs reached the cervical lymph nodes. This migratory behavior was accompanied by an accentuation of EAE clinical signs and an increased systemic antibody response against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a major immunogenic myelin antigen. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Altogether, these results indicate that CSF-circulating DCs are able to both survey the inflamed brain and to reach the cervical lymph nodes. In EAE and maybe multiple sclerosis, CSF-circulating DCs may thus support the immune responses that develop within and outside the inflamed CNS

Valorizing the 'Irulas' traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in the Kodiakkarai Reserve Forest, India

A mounting body of critical research is raising the credibility of Traditional Knowledge (TK) in scientific studies. These studies have gained credibility because their claims are supported by methods that are repeatable and provide data for quantitative analyses that can be used to assess confidence in the results. The theoretical importance of our study is to test consensus (reliability/replicable) of TK within one ancient culture; the Irulas of the Kodiakkarai Reserve Forest (KRF), India. We calculated relative frequency (RF) and consensus factor (Fic) of TK from 120 Irulas informants knowledgeable of medicinal plants. Our research indicates a high consensus of the Irulas TK concerning medicinal plants. The Irulas revealed a diversity of plants that have medicinal and nutritional utility in their culture and specific ethnotaxa used to treat a variety of illnesses and promote general good health in their communities. Throughout history aboriginal people have been the custodians of bio-diversity and have sustained healthy life-styles in an environmentally sustainable manner. However this knowledge has not been transferred to modern society. We suggest this may be due to the asymmetry between scientific and TK, which demands a new approach that considers the assemblage of TK and scientific knowledge. A greater understanding of TK is beginning to emerge based on our research with both the Irulas and Malasars; they believe that a healthy lifestyle is founded on a healthy environment. These aboriginal groups chose to share this knowledge with society-at-large in order to promote a global lifestyle of health and environmental sustainability

The membrane attack complex of complement: lipid insertion of tubular and nontubular polymerized C9

The membrane-restricted photoactivatable carbene generator 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]-iodophenyl)diazirine [Brunner, J., &amp; Semenza, G. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 7174-7182] was used to label the subunits of the membrane attack complex of complement (C5b-9). C5b-9 complexes either were assembled from serum on erythrocyte membranes or were reconstituted from purified components on liposomes. After irradiation, most of the probe is bound to C9 independent of the membrane system used, indicating that the wall of the transmembrane channel is predominantly composed of C9. No difference was observed whether polymerized C9 was in the tubular or nontubular form [Podack, E. R., &amp; Tschopp, J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 15204-15212], showing that tubule closure is not essential for successful lipid insertion. The same label distribution between the two forms of polymerized C9 was obtained by analyzing zinc-polymerized C9 in the absence of C5b-8. Since the photoreactive probe reacted with at least two distinct polypeptide segments within C9, lipid interaction does not occur via a single segment of hydrophobic amino acids

Increased hemolytic activity of the trypsin-cleaved ninth component of complement

Human C9 treated with trypsin is initially cleaved into two fragments with relative mol. wts of 53,000 and 20,000. This limited cleavage of C9 induces a 2.4-times increase in the hemolytic activity of C9 when compared to untreated C9. This difference diminishes when C9 activity is tested in an assay using a prolonged incubation time of C9 with C5b-8-bearing red blood cells. Trypsinization of C9 also promotes spontaneous C9 polymerization. SDS-resistant tubular C9 complexes are formed at a C9 concn of 1 mg/ml within 8 hr at 37 degrees C. Our data indicate that specific limited proteolysis of C9 not only induces spontaneous C9 polymerization but also increases the hemolytic activity of C9, suggesting that a similar molecular mechanism is involved in both processes

Influence of arterial occlusion on outcome after intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We aimed to assess the interaction between intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and arterial occlusion on acute cervicocerebral computed tomographic angiography on the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Patients from the Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne (ASTRAL) registry with onset-to-door-time ≤4 hours, acute cervicocerebral computed tomographic angiography, a premorbid modified Rankin Scale ≤2, and a National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) &gt;4 were selected. Patients with significant intracranial arterial obstruction (≥50%-99%) and undergoing acute endovascular treatment were excluded. An interaction analysis of IVT and initial arterial occlusion for favorable 3 months outcome (modified Rankin Scale &lt;3) were performed with adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: Among 654 included patients, 382 (58%) showed arterial occlusion, of whom 263 (69%) received IVT. Two hundred seventy-two showed no/minimal obstruction of whom 139 (51%) received IVT. In the adjusted interaction analysis, there was a trend in favor of the arterial occlusion group (odds ratio [OR]=3.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-18.97; P=0.08). IVT (versus no IVT) was associated with better outcome in patients with occlusion (adjusted OR for favorable outcome, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.10-8.28) but not in patients with no/minimal obstruction (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.21-2.74). Conversely, patients with occlusion had a similar rate of favorable outcome as no/minimal obstruction when thrombolysed (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.17-1.47) but had a less favorable outcome without thrombolysis (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04-0.44). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke, there was a trend for more favorable outcomes with IVT in the setting of initial arterial occlusion than in the setting of no/minimal obstruction. Before confirmation in randomized controlled studies, this information should not influence thrombolysis decisions, however