Europeanizing territoriality—towards soft spaces?

This paper explores the coexistence of relational and territorial spaces—soft spaces—through the experiences of EU integration and territorialization. First, we seek a better understanding of EU integration through an engagement with the literature and research on soft spaces. We propose that EU integration is best understood as involving an interplay between territorial and relational understandings and approaches that vary through time, a variation that can be categorized as involving pooled territoriality, supraterritoriality, and nonterritoriality. Second, we seek to add to the current research and literature on soft spaces by focusing upon the changing character of soft spaces and their temporalities. We approach these two dimensions through an exploration of two ex post case studies, the development of which typically shows different stages of softening, hardening, and of differing degrees of Europeanization. With the focus on Europeanization, the paper concludes with three findings: the new spaces of European territoriality are characterized by, first, temporal dynamics, second, their parallel existence with ‘hard’ spaces, and, finally, they can be employed as a political tool. NoneThis is the Author Accepted Manuscript of Allmendinger, P., Chilla, T., and Sielker, F. 2014. The final version is available at http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=a130037p

Where is planning to be found? Material practices and the multiple spaces of planning

A range of new spaces of English planning have emerged in recent years. One new space of clear import is the sub-region. In this paper we seek to gain a better understanding of why sub-regional spaces emerge, how they are used and how planning functions through them. Drawing upon an analysis of three English regions and interviews with actors the paper identifies four types of sub-regional planning that highlight the relationship between accountable, legally sanctioned territorial spaces on the one hand and more informal, open and strategic sub-regional spaces on the other. Sub-regional planning provides an important if not critical strategic parallel to regulatory planning though the relationship between the two is characterised by complexity, contestation, experimentation and impermanence. Among other issues raised by this contemporary reworking of planning is the emergence of an accountability gap through the uncoupling of formal democratic processes embedded within territories and the more diffuse practices of strategic plan making. This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from SAGE via http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263774X1561417

Slip Distribution of the 2014 Mw=8.1 Pisagua, Northern Chile, Earthquake Sequence Estimated From Coseismic Fore-Arc Surface Cracks

The 2014 Mw = 8.1 Iquique (Pisagua), Chile, earthquake sequence ruptured a segment of the Nazca-South America subduction zone that last hosted a great earthquake in 1877. The sequence opened \u3e3700 surface cracks in the fore arc of decameter-scale length and millimeter-to centimeter-scale aperture. We use the strikes of measured cracks, inferred to be perpendicular to coseismically applied tension, to estimate the slip distribution of the main shock and largest aftershock. The slip estimates are compatible with those based on seismic, geodetic, and tsunami data, indicating that geologic observations can also place quantitative constraints on rupture properties. The earthquake sequence ruptured between two asperities inferred from a regional-scale distribution of surface cracks, interpreted to represent a modal or most common rupture scenario for the northern Chile subduction zone. We suggest that past events, including the 1877 earthquake, broke the 2014 Pisagua source area together with adjacent sections in a throughgoing rupture

Surface-electrode Rydberg-stark decelerator

Hydrogen atoms in Rydberg states with principal quantum numbers between 23 and 70 have been accelerated, decelerated, and electrostatically trapped using a surface-electrode Rydberg-Stark decelerator. By applying a set of oscillating electrical potentials to a two-dimensional array of electrodes on a printed circuit board (PCB), a continuously moving, three-dimensional electric trap with a predefined velocity and acceleration is generated. From an initial longitudinal velocity of 760m/s, final velocities of the Rydberg atoms ranging from 1200m/s to zero velocity in the laboratory-fixed frame of reference were achieved. Accelerated or decelerated atoms were detected directly by pulsed electric-field ionization. Atoms trapped at zero mean velocity above the PCB were reaccelerated off the PCB before field ionization. © 2012 American Physical Society

Normal and Reverse Faulting Driven by the Subduction Zone Earthquake Cycle in the Northern Chilean Forearc

Despite its location in a convergent tectonic setting, the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile between 21°S and 25°S is dominated by structures demonstrating extension in the direction of plate convergence. In some locations, however, normal faults have been reactivated as reverse faults, complicating the interpretation of long-term strain. In order to place these new observations in a tectonic context, we model stress changes induced on these faults by the subduction earthquake cycle. Our simulations predict that interseismic locking on the plate boundary encourages normal slip on fore-arc faults, which may result from elastic rebound due to interplate earthquakes or from seismic or aseismic motion that takes place within the interseismic period. Conversely, stress generated by strong subduction zone earthquakes, such as the 1995 Mw = 8.1 Antofagasta event, provides a mechanism for the reverse reactivation we document here. Upper plate fault slip in response to the low-magnitude stress changes induced by the subduction earthquake cycle suggests that the absolute level of stress on these faults is very low. Furthermore, seismic hazard analysis for northern Chile requires consideration of not only the plate boundary earthquake cycle but also the cycle on fore-arc faults that may or may not coincide with the interplate pattern. Though the relationships between permanent strain and deformation calculated using elastic models remain unclear, the compatibility of modeled stress fields with the distribution of fore-arc faulting suggests that interseismic strain accumulation and coseismic deformation on the subduction megathrust both play significant roles in shaping structural behavior in the upper plate

Den Generationenkonflikt durch richtige Kooperation überwinden was Startups von Großunternehmen erwarten

Der Zusammenarbeit von etablierten Großunternehmen mit Startups wird in Deutschland und insbesondere in Baden-Württemberg große Bedeutung eingeräumt, um im globalen Innovationswettbewerb weiter erfolgreich sein zu können. Wir zeigen, basierend auf aktuellen Umfragedaten, wie Startup-Unternehmer aus Baden-Württemberg das Kooperationsverhalten von Großunternehmen beurteilen und mit welchen Maßnahmen Unternehmen und Politik mehr Kooperation fördern können. Etablierte Großunternehmen sollten mehr Empathie für Startups aufbringen und dies durch mehr Offenheit und einen hohen Grad an Verpflichtung bei der Zusammenarbeit über alle Hierarchieebenen hinweg deutlich machen. Die Politik kann Kooperation als Vermittler direkt und indirekt unterstützen

Observation of enhanced rate coefficients in the H2+_2^+ + H2_2 →\rightarrow H3+_3^+ + H reaction at low collision energies

The energy dependence of the rate coefficient of the H$_2^+\ + {\rm H}_2 \rightarrow {\rm H}_3^+ + {\rm H}$ reaction has been measured in the range of collision energies between $k_\mathrm{B}\cdot 10$ K and $k_\mathrm{B}\cdot 300$ mK. A clear deviation of the rate coefficient from the value expected on the basis of the classical Langevin-capture behavior has been observed at collision energies below $k_\mathrm{B}\cdot 1$ K, which is attributed to the joint effects of the ion-quadrupole and Coriolis interactions in collisions involving ortho-H$_2$ molecules in the $j = 1$ rotational level, which make up 75% of the population of the neutral H$_2$ molecules in the experiments. The experimental results are compared to very recent predictions by Dashevskaya, Litvin, Nikitin and Troe (J. Chem. Phys., in press), with which they are in agreement.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure

Den Generationenkonflikt durch richtige Kooperation überwinden was Startups von Großunternehmen erwarten

Der Zusammenarbeit von etablierten Großunternehmen mit Startups wird in Deutschland und insbesondere in Baden-Württemberg große Bedeutung eingeräumt, um im globalen Innovationswettbewerb weiter erfolgreich sein zu können. Wir zeigen, basierend auf aktuellen Umfragedaten, wie Startup-Unternehmer aus Baden-Württemberg das Kooperationsverhalten von Großunternehmen beurteilen und mit welchen Maßnahmen Unternehmen und Politik mehr Kooperation fördern können. Etablierte Großunternehmen sollten mehr Empathie für Startups aufbringen und dies durch mehr Offenheit und einen hohen Grad an Verpflichtung bei der Zusammenarbeit über alle Hierarchieebenen hinweg deutlich machen. Die Politik kann Kooperation als Vermittler direkt und indirekt unterstützen

Surface Cracks Record Long-Term Seismic Segmentation of the Andean Margin

Understanding the long-term patterns of great earthquake rupture along a subduction zone provides a framework for assessing modern seismic hazard. However, evidence that can be used to infer the size and location of past earthquakes is typically erased by erosion after a few thousand years. Meter-scale cracks that cut the surface of coastal areas in northern Chile and southern Peru preserve a record of earthquakes spanning several hundred thousand years owing to the hyperarid climate of the region. These cracks have been observed to form during and/or shortly after strong subduction earthquakes, are preserved for long time periods throughout the Atacama Desert, demonstrate evidence for multiple episodes of reactivation, and show changes in orientation over spatial scales similar to the size of earthquake segments. Our observations and models show that crack orientations are consistent with dynamic and static stress fields generated by recent earthquakes. While localized structural and topographic processes influence some cracks, the strong preferred orientation over large regions indicates that cracks are primarily formed by plate boundary–scale stresses, namely repeated earthquakes. We invert the crack-based strain data for slip along the well-known Iquique seismic gap segment of the margin and find consistency with gravity anomaly–based inferences of long-term earthquake slip patterns, as well as the magnitude and location of the November 2007 Tocopilla earthquake. We suggest that the meter-scale cracks can be used to map characteristic earthquake rupture segments that persist over many seismic cycles, which encourages future study of cracks and other small-scale structures to better constrain the persistence of asperities in other arid, tectonically active regions