Inheritance of the Sex-Determining Factor in the Absence of a Complete Y Chromosome in 46,XX Human Males

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71879/1/j.1749-6632.1987.tb25088.x.pd

Evolution of the Cathode Spot Distribution in an Axial Magnetic Field Controlled Vacuum Arc at Long Contact Gap

The distribution of cathode spots in a CuCr25 vacuum arc controlled by an axial magnetic field and ignited on the lateral surface of the cathode is investigated for long gap distances, from the processing of high-speed video images. The processing method includes also estimating the current carried by a single spot and reconstructing the distribution of the current density at the cathode. Various distributions depending partly on the arc current are described

Simulation of free surface and molten metal behavior during induction melting of an aluminium alloy

International audienceElectromagnetic forces are widely used for processing metal alloys in particular in the aluminium casting industry. Induction is used in melting technologies (both crucible and channel induction furnaces). Magnetic stirrers are also used in melting or casting furnaces. However these technologies applied to opaque melts require modelling to be done to understand the resultant impact on the fluid and improve the process control. This is especially the case of crucible induction furnaces. A 2D axially symmetric numerical model describing the coupled magnetohydrodynamic and free surface phenomena taking place in an induction metal bath has been developed. The model uses the Ansys Fluent software, supplemented with additional User Defined Functions for the calculation of the Lorentz forces acting on the metal. The calculation of the shape of the free surface is based on the Volume Of Fluid method and a RANS k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) approach is used to describe the turbulent stirring of the metal. An original feature of our model is the consideration of an oxide skin covering the metal free surface. It was considered that the oxide film behaves similarly to a deforming wall and that friction effects between the oxide film and the metal result in the development of a shear stress at the top surface of the melt. Two examples of application of model are reported, for lab scale and industrial scale induction furnaces. The lab scale results are compared with measurements of the free surface shape obtained using a fringe projection technique

Optimal treatment allocations in space and time for on-line control of an emerging infectious disease

A key component in controlling the spread of an epidemic is deciding where, whenand to whom to apply an intervention.We develop a framework for using data to informthese decisionsin realtime.We formalize a treatment allocation strategy as a sequence of functions, oneper treatment period, that map up-to-date information on the spread of an infectious diseaseto a subset of locations where treatment should be allocated. An optimal allocation strategyoptimizes some cumulative outcome, e.g. the number of uninfected locations, the geographicfootprint of the disease or the cost of the epidemic. Estimation of an optimal allocation strategyfor an emerging infectious disease is challenging because spatial proximity induces interferencebetween locations, the number of possible allocations is exponential in the number oflocations, and because disease dynamics and intervention effectiveness are unknown at outbreak.We derive a Bayesian on-line estimator of the optimal allocation strategy that combinessimulation–optimization with Thompson sampling.The estimator proposed performs favourablyin simulation experiments. This work is motivated by and illustrated using data on the spread ofwhite nose syndrome, which is a highly fatal infectious disease devastating bat populations inNorth America

Differentiating muscle damage from myocardial injury by meaans of the serum creatinine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB mass measurement/total CK activity ratio

We immunoenzymometrically measured creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme MB in extracts of myocardium and in homogenates of five different skeletal muscles. CK-MB concentrations in the former averaged 80.9 micrograms/g wet tissue; in the skeletal muscles it varied widely, being (e.g.) 25-fold greater in diaphragm than in psoas. CK-MB in skeletal muscles ranged from 0.9 to 44 ng/U of total CK; the mean for myocardium was 202 ng/U. In sera from 10 trauma and 36 burn patients without myocardial involvement, maximum ratios for CK-MB mass/total CK activity averaged 7 (SEM 1) ng/U and 18 (SEM 6) ng/U, respectively. Except for an infant (220 ng/U), the highest ratio we found for serum after muscular damage was 38 ng/U. In contrast, the mean maximum ratio determined in 23 cases of acute myocardial infarction exceeded 200 ng/U. Among seven determinations performed 8 to 32 h after onset of symptoms, each infarct patient demonstrated at least one ratio greater than or equal to 110 ng/U. Ratios observed after infarct were unrelated to treatment received during the acute phase. We propose a CK-MB/total CK ratio of 80 ng/U as the cutoff value for differentiating myocardial necrosis from muscular injury

Achieving Generalizable Robustness of Deep Neural Networks by Stability Training

We study the recently introduced stability training as a general-purpose method to increase the robustness of deep neural networks against input perturbations. In particular, we explore its use as an alternative to data augmentation and validate its performance against a number of distortion types and transformations including adversarial examples. In our image classification experiments using ImageNet data stability training performs on a par or even outperforms data augmentation for specific transformations, while consistently offering improved robustness against a broader range of distortion strengths and types unseen during training, a considerably smaller hyperparameter dependence and less potentially negative side effects compared to data augmentation.Comment: 18 pages, 25 figures; Camera-ready versio

Chromosome assignment of two cloned DNA probes hybridizing predominantly to human sex chromosomes

In situ hybridization experiments were carried out with two clones, YACG 35 and 2.8, which had been selected from two genomic libraries strongly enriched for the human Y chromosome. Besides the human Y chromosome, both sequences strongly hybridized to the human X chromosome, with few minor binding sites on autosomes. In particular, on the X chromosome DNA from clone YACG 35 hybridized to the centromeric region and the distal part of the short arm (Xp2.2). On the Y chromosome, the sequence was assigned to one site situated in the border region between Yq1.1 and Yq1.2. DNA from clone 2.8 also hybridized to the centromeric region of the X and the distal part of the short arm (Xq2.2). On the Y, however, two binding sites were observed (Yp1.1 and Yq1.2). The findings indicate that sex chromosomal sequences may be localized in homologous regions (as suggested from meiotic pairing) but also at ectopic sites