The conic-gearing image of a complex number and a spinor-born surface geometry

Quaternion (Q-) mathematics formally contains many fragments of physical laws; in particular, the Hamiltonian for the Pauli equation automatically emerges in a space with Q-metric. The eigenfunction method shows that any Q-unit has an interior structure consisting of spinor functions; this helps us to represent any complex number in an orthogonal form associated with a novel geometric image (the conic-gearing picture). Fundamental Q-unit-spinor relations are found, revealing the geometric meaning of spinors as Lam\'e coefficients (dyads) locally coupling the base and tangent surfaces.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figur

Cooper Pairs with Broken Parity and Time-Reversal Symmetries in D-wave Superconductors

Paramagnetic effects are shown to result in the appearance of a triplet component of order parameter in a vortex phase of a d-wave superconductor in the absence of impurities. This component, which breaks both parity and time-reversal symmetries of Cooper pairs, is expected to be of the order of unity in a number of modern superconductors such as organic, high-Tc, and some others. A generic phase diagram of such type-IV superconductors, which are singlet ones at H=0 and characterized by singlet-triplet mixed Copper pairs with broken time-reversal symmetry in a vortex phase, is discussed.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett., submitted (July 25 2005

Effects of Inflation on a Cosmic String Loop Population

We study the evolution of simple cosmic string loop solutions in an inflationary universe. We show, for the particular case of circular loops, that periodic solutions do exist in a de Sitter universe, below a critical loop radius $R_c H=1/2$. On the other hand, larger loops freeze in comoving coordinates, and we explicitly show that they can survive more $e$-foldings of inflation than point-like objects. We discuss the implications of these findings for the survival of realistic cosmic string loops during inflation, and for the general characteristics of post-inflationary cosmic string networks. We also consider the analogous solutions for domain walls, in which case the critical radius is $R_c H=2/3$.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review