Corrección de la deriva en sistemas de seguimiento solar a través de control de lazo cerrado

CIES2020 - XVII Congresso Ibérico e XIII Congresso Ibero-americano de Energia SolarRESUMEN: Los sistemas de seguimiento solar de dos ejes en aplicaciones de concentración solar requieren una mayor precisión en el seguimiento automático de la posición aparente del Sol, esto con el fin de mantener la radiación solar concentrada en una posición fija en el receptor del sistema, ya que una mínima variación se traduce en un desplazamiento (deriva) del spot de concentración de la zona de interés. Este trabajo se centra en la discusión de los métodos implementados para la solución de los problemas de deriva y corrección de los ángulos de elevación y acimut en los dispositivos de seguimiento solar. Para llevar a cabo la evaluación de la corrección de la deriva, se emplearon dos dispositivos de seguimiento solar de dos ejes de movimiento. Un Helióstato de 36 m2 (E3) ubicado en la Plataforma Solar de Hermosillo, Sonora, México. El segundo es un concentrador solar reflectivo de no imagen tipo Fresnel para la caracterización de celdas fotovoltaicas ubicado en el IER-UNAM en Temixco, Morelos, México. El análisis planteado en este documento se basa principalmente en la comparativa de los resultados obtenidos a partir de implementar una estrategia de control de lazo abierto y cerrado. El control de lazo abierto consiste en un código de programación que realiza el cálculo de la posición del Sol mediante algoritmos propuestos por distintos autores, y que permiten enviar señales de comando a los actuadores de los ejes de acimut y elevación en ambos dispositivos de seguimiento. Para la metodología de lazo cerrado se utiliza un sistema óptico de retroalimentación que trata de un dispositivo de visión (CCD) que permite observar la posición del Sol en tiempo real.ABSTRACT: Two axis solar tracking systems require high precision regarding automatic tracking of apparent sun position for solar concentration applications. This, with the aim of maintaining the concentrated solar radiation in a fixed position in the system´s receiver. This is so, because a minimum variation results in a deviation (drift) of the solar image concentrated in the area of interest. This work focuses on a discussion of implemented methods for solving drift problems and a correction of elevation and azimuth angles in solar tracking devices. Two sun tracking devices of two axes movement were used in order to evaluate drift correction. The first one was a 36 m2 heliostat (named E3), located in the Solar Platform in Hermosillo, Sonora, México. The second tracking device was a solar concentrator Fresnel type for characterizing photovoltaic cells (FRESNEL) located at IER-UNAM, Temixco, Morelos, México. The analysis of this document is mainly based on the comparison of obtained results from implementing an open-loop and close-loop control strategy. Open-loop control consists of a program code that calculates the Sun's position using algorithms suggested by different authors, it allows send command signals to elevation and azimuth axis actuators on both tracking devices. Closed-loop methodology uses an optical feedback system, which refers to a vision device (webcam) that allows observing in real time the Sun´s position.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics in Evaluation of LIXisenatide in Acute Coronary Syndrome, a long-term cardiovascular end point trial of lixisenatide versus placebo

Background: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Furthermore, patients with T2DM and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have a particularly high risk of CV events. The glucagonlike peptide 1 receptor agonist, lixisenatide, improves glycemia, but its effects on CV events have not been thoroughly evaluated. Methods: ELIXA (www.clinicaltrials.gov no. NCT01147250) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallelgroup, multicenter study of lixisenatide in patients with T2DM and a recent ACS event. The primary aim is to evaluate the effects of lixisenatide on CV morbidity and mortality in a population at high CV risk. The primary efficacy end point is a composite of time to CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina. Data are systematically collected for safety outcomes, including hypoglycemia, pancreatitis, and malignancy. Results: Enrollment began in July 2010 and ended in August 2013; 6,068 patients from 49 countries were randomized. Of these, 69% are men and 75% are white; at baseline, the mean ± SD age was 60.3 ± 9.7 years, body mass index was 30.2 ± 5.7 kg/m2, and duration of T2DM was 9.3±8.2 years. The qualifying ACS wasamyocardial infarctionin83% and unstableangina in 17%. The study will continue until the positive adjudication of the protocol-specified number of primary CV events. Conclusion: ELIXA will be the first trial to report the safety and efficacy of a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist in people with T2DM and high CV event risk. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved