Residuos de acaricidas en leche entera bovina de Costa Rica

Introducción: En Costa Rica se procesan anualmente 681 millones de litros de leche, debido al alto consumo per cápita que es de 216 kilogramos, por lo que es particularmente importante evitar los efectos tóxicos de la leche contaminada, asociados a vómitos, parálisis y calambres, y, a largo plazo, cáncer, trastornos endocrinos, diabetes y alteraciones cromosómicas, entre otros. Objetivo:Determinar los niveles de residuos de cinco acaricidas usados en Costa Rica: Amitraz, Coumafós, Clorpirifós, Ciflutrina y Cipermetrina, en muestras de leche entera bovina de Costa Rica. Métodos:De enero a setiembre del 2018 tomamos muestras en 200 sistemas de producción de seis provincias y aplicamos técnicas de cromatografía de gases y de líquidos, acopladas a espectrometría de masas. Resultados:no hallamos residuos de Coumafós y la Ciflutrina, pero en 19 fincas detectamos Amitraz, Cipermetrina y Clorpirifós (este último, 0,01mg/kg). Pocos encargados conocen alternativas al control químico, y la mayoría ni respetael periodo de retiro del garrapaticida, ni hace la rotación del ingrediente activo. Conclusión:Se debe mejorar la educación y el monitoreo sobre el uso de garrapaticidas en los sistemas de producción de leche.“Acaricide residues in whole bovine milk from Costa Rica”. Introduction:Because of the high per capita consumption of 216 kilograms, in Costa Rica, 681 million liters of milk are processed annually, and it is particularly important to avoid the toxic effects of contaminated milk, associated with vomiting, paralysis and cramps, and, in the long term, cancer, endocrine disorders, diabetes and chromosomal alterations, among others. Objective:To determine the residue levels of five acaricides used in Costa Rica: Amitraz, Coumafos, Chlorpyrifos, Cyfluthrin and Cypermethrin, in samples of whole bovine milk. Methods:From January to September 2018, we collected samples from 200 production systems in six provinces and applied gas and liquid chromatography techniques coupled with mass spectrometry. Results:We did not findresidues of Coumafos and Cyfluthrin, but in 19 farms we detected Amitraz, Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos (the latter, 0.01mg/kg). Few managers know alternatives to chemical control, and most do not respect the withdrawal period of the tick, and do not rotate the active ingredient. Conclusion:Education and monitoring on tick control should be improved in dairyfarmsUniversidad de Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de ZootecniaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro en Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA

Modernización del Sistema Aduanero y su vinculación con la sociedad civil

Informe de investigación--Universidad de Costa Rica, Vicerrectoría de Acción Social, Trabajo Comunal Universitario. 2012. Para mayor información puede escribir a [email protected] documento es una guía a los agroexportadores para que conozcan información general sobre los formularios exigidos en el tema de exportación, tales como modernización del sistema aduanero costarricense, notificaciones previas, el compendio de leyes en materia aduanera, la inscripción como importador, entre otras. La información del presente documento se complementa con las presentaciones adjuntas en este fichero.Universidad de Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Acción Social::Trabajo Comunal Universitario (TCU

Accelerated biodegradation of selected nematicides in tropical crop soils from Costa Rica

Degradation and mineralization behavior of select ed nematicides was studied in soil samples from fields culti vated with banana, potato, and coffee. Degradation assays in most of the studied soils revealed shorter half-lives for carbofuran (CBF) and ethoprophos (ETP) in samples with a history of treatment with these compounds, which may have been caused by enhanced biodegradation. A short half-life value for CBF degradation was also observed in a banana field with no previous exposure to this pesticide, but with a recent application of the carbamate insecticide oxamyl, which supports the hypothesis that preexposure to oxamyl may cause microbial adaptation towards degradation of CBF, an obser vation of a phenomenon not yet tested according to the liter ature reviewed. Mineralization assays for CBF and terbufos (TBF) revealed that history of treatment with these nemati cides did not cause higher mineralization rates in preexposed soils when compared to unexposed ones, except in the case of soils from coffee fields. Mineralization half-lives for soils unexposed to these pesticides were significantly shorter than most reports in the literature in the same conditions. Mineralization rates for soils with a previous exposure to these pesticides were also obtained, adding to the very few reports found. This paper contributes valuable data to the low number of reports dealing with pesticide fate in soils from tropical origin.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro en Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Microbiologí

Occurrence of Banned and Currently Used Herbicides, in Groundwater of Northern Greece: A Human Health Risk Assessment Approach

The presence of pesticide residues in groundwater, many years after their phase out in European Union verifies that the persistence in aquifer is much higher than in other environmental compartments. Currently used and banned pesticides were monitored in Northern Greece aquifers and a human health risk assessment was conducted. The target compounds were the herbicides metolachlor (MET), terbuthylazine (TER), atrazine (ATR) and its metabolites deisopropylatrazine (DIA), deethylatrazine (DEA) and hydroxyatrazine (HA). Eleven sampling sites were selected to have representatives of different types of wells. Pesticides were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography. MET was detected in 100% of water samples followed by ATR (96.4%), DEA and HA (88.6%), DIA (78.2%) and TER (67.5%). ATR, DIA, DEA, HA, MET and TER mean concentrations detected were 0.18, 0.29, 0.14, 0.09, 0.16 and 0.15 μg/L, respectively. Obtained results were compared with historical data from previous monitoring studies and temporal trends were assessed. Preferential flow was the major factor facilitating pesticide leaching within the month of herbicide application. Moreover, apparent age of groundwater and the reduced pesticide dissipation rates on aquifers resulted of long-term detection of legacy pesticides. Although atrazine had been banned more than 18 years ago, it was detected frequently and their concentrations in some cases were over the maximum permissible limit. Furthermore, human health risk assessment of pesticides was calculated for two different age groups though drinking water consumption. In all examined wells, the sum of the HQ values were lower than the unity. As a result, the analyzed drinking water wells are considered safe according to the acute risk assessment process. However, the presence of atrazine residues causes concerns related with chronic toxicity, since ATR R values were greater than the parametric one of 1 × 10−6 advised by USEPA, for both age groups.Unión Europea/[690618 KNOWPEC]/EU/EuropaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro en Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA

Pesticide monitoring and ecotoxicological risk assessment in surface water bodies and sediments of a tropical agro-ecosystem

A pesticide monitoring study including 80 and 60 active ingredients (in surface waters and sediments, respectively) was carried out in a river basin in Costa Rica during 2007–2012. A special emphasis was given on the exceptional ecological conditions of the tropical agro-ecosystem and the pesticide application strategies in order to establish a reliable monitoring network. A total of 135 water samples and 129 sediment samples were collected and analyzed. Long-term aquatic ecotoxicological risk assessment based on risk quotient in three trophic levels was conducted. Short-term risk assessment was used to calculate the toxic unit and prioritization of sampling sites was conducted by the sum of toxic units in both aquatic and sediment compartments. Dimethoate (61.2 μg/L), propanil (30.6 μg/L), diuron (22.8 μg/L) and terbutryn (4.8 μg/L) were detected at the highest concentrations in water samples. Carbendazim and endosulfan were the most frequently detected pesticides in water and sediment samples, respectively. Triazophos (491 μg/kg), cypermethrin (71.5 μg/kg), permethrin (47.8 μg/kg), terbutryn (38.7 μg/kg), chlorpyrifos (18.2 μg/kg) and diuron (11.75 μg/kg) were detected at the highest concentrations in sediment samples. The pesticides carbendazim, diuron, endosulfan, epoxyconazole, propanil, triazophos and terbutryn showed non-acceptable risk even when a conservative scenario was considered. Sum TUsite higher than 1 was found for one and two sampling sites in water and sediment compartments, respectively, suggesting high acute toxicity for the ecosystem.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro en Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA

Low-cost approaches for the removal of terbuthylazine from agricultural wastewater: Constructed wetlands and biopurification system

UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro en Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA

Multi-residue analysis of pharmaceuticals in water samples by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry: Quality assessment and application to the risk assessment of urban-influenced surface waters in a metropolitan area of Central America

The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in surface water has been barely studied in Latin America. This work aimed to i) develop a multi-residue liquid chromatography- triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the determination of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs); ii) monitor 70 PhACs in three urban-influenced rivers in San José, Costa Rica; and iii) perform the risk assessment of detected compounds and ecotoxicological evaluation on water samples. Caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, naproxen, gemfibrozil and ibuprofen were the most frequent among 23 detected compounds. Concentrations ranged from 0.013 μg/L to 53.8 μg/L (62 % detections between 0.1 μg/L–1 μg/L), and the highest values corresponded to caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, ofloxacin, gemfibrozil and cephalexin. The environmental risk estimated using the hazard quotient (HQ) approach, revealed four and eleven compounds with medium and high risk, respectively. The highest risk (HQ >10) was determined for diphenhydramine, risperidone, fluoxetine, trimethoprim, ofloxacin and azithromycin; nonetheless, high risk (HQ >1) was also estimated for caffeine, diclofenac, clarithromycin, gemfibrozil and ibuprofen. Total HQ sample values (ΣHQ), calculated as the sum of individual HQs for each detected compound, revealed the highest hazard in surface water near wastewater treatment plant discharges, followed by the locations of higher urban influence (in the Virilla river). Ecotoxicological evaluation showed no acute toxicity towards Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri in surface water samples; on the contrary, toxicity towards Lactuca sativa (germination tests) showed a similar pattern to that determined with the ΣHQ, although the highest toxicity was observed downstream with respect to the urban influence of the metropolitan area. These findings help to visualize the importance of pharmaceutical residues in the overall toxicity of surface water samples, and remark the relevance of monitoring these compounds, as an input for the implementation of future mitigation actions.Universidad de Costa Rica/[802-B7-A09]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[802-B8-510]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[802-B8-144]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[802-B8-145]/UCR/Costa RicaMinisterio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones/[FI-197B-17]/MICITT/Costa RicaMinisterio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones/[FI-056B-17]/MICITT/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro en Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Microbiologí