Factors Influencing the Outcome of ESWL in Upper Urinary Tract Stones

INTRODUCTION: Since the mid 1980’s ESWL has been established as a minimally invasive procedure for a wide indications of urinary stones. Various factors such as stone location, size, number, and fragility as well as calyceal anatomy and patency of the urinary tract influence the outcome of ESWL. METHODS: 100 patients undergoing ESWL for upper urinary tract stones were included in this study. Stones > 2 cm, patients with bleeding diathesis, distal obstruction and pregnant women were excluded from the study. Data regarding Age, Sex, body mass index, stone location, size, density of the stone (Hounsfield units), presence of obstruction and hydronephrosis were noted for all patients. RESULTS: The study included 52 male and 48 female patients. Sex as an independent factor did not correlate significantly to the success of ESWL (p value 0.255). BMI (p value 0.002), Stone size (P value 0.020), density of the stone (p value 0.000) were significant risk factors. 29 patients had lower calyceal stone with a 24.1% successful outcome. Location of the stone was the most significant factor (p value < 0.001) while using a multi variate analysis model. CONCLUSION: The success of ESWL is dependent on multiple factors. Body mass index, location of the stone and density of the stone were significant factors while using logistic regression analysis and these three factors put together as a model can successfully predict the outcome of ESWL

Review Study on Larvicidal and Mosquito Repellent Activity of Volatile Oils Isolated from Medicinal Plants

Mosquito is a vector for serious human diseases like dengue fever, hemaorrhagic dengue fever and chikungunya, .yellow fever, malaria, filaria and encephalitis among these dengue, hemaorrhagic dengue and chikungunya are highly endemic diseases in Southeast Asian and African countries, causing millions of deaths each and every year. Mosquito repellents thus play a major role in preventing man-mosquito contact and there by minimize the chance of infections and its adverse effects. The development of resistance to chemical insecticides, results rebounding vectorial capacity. Synthetic repellents are chemicals which used worldwide for protection against mosquito-borne diseases and it adversely affects the environment by contaminating water, soil and air. There is an urgent need to find alternatives to the synthetic insecticides. Plants are rich source of alternative agents for control of mosquitoes and its vectors. Extracts and isolated compounds from different plant families have been evaluated for their promising larvicidal and mosquito repellent activities. Literature has documented that essential oils and extracts have been traditionally used as effective repellents. The essential oils whose repellent activities have been demonstrated, as well as the importance of the synergistic effects among their components are the main focus of this review study. Essential oils are volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons with a diversity of functional groups, and their repellent activity has been linked to the presence of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The present review study focused the larvicidal potential and mosquito repellent activity of different volatile oils of medicinal plants. From an economical point of view synthetic chemical is still more frequently used as repellents than essential oils; these essential oils have the potential to provide efficient and can be used as a cheap, eco-friendly, safer for humans and the environment and also efficient alternative to the chemical larvicides

A Complex Hierarchy of Avoidance Behaviors in a Single-Cell Eukaryote.

Complex behavior is associated with animals with nervous systems, but decision-making and learning also occur in non-neural organisms [1], including singly nucleated cells [2-5] and multi-nucleate synctia [6-8]. Ciliates are single-cell eukaryotes, widely dispersed in aquatic habitats [9], with an extensive behavioral repertoire [10-13]. In 1906, Herbert Spencer Jennings [14, 15] described in the sessile ciliate Stentor roeseli a hierarchy of responses to repeated stimulation, which are among the most complex behaviors reported for a singly nucleated cell [16, 17]. These results attracted widespread interest [18, 19] and exert continuing fascination [7, 20-22] but were discredited during the behaviorist orthodoxy by claims of non-reproducibility [23]. These claims were based on experiments with the motile ciliate Stentor coeruleus. We acquired and maintained the correct organism in laboratory culture and used micromanipulation and video microscopy to confirm Jennings' observations. Despite significant individual variation, not addressed by Jennings, S. roeseli exhibits avoidance behaviors in a characteristic hierarchy of bending, ciliary alteration, contractions, and detachment, which is distinct from habituation or conditioning. Remarkably, the choice of contraction versus detachment is consistent with a fair coin toss. Such behavioral complexity may have had an evolutionary advantage in protist ecosystems, and the ciliate cortex may have provided mechanisms for implementing such behavior prior to the emergence of multicellularity. Our work resurrects Jennings' pioneering insights and adds to the list of exceptional features, including regeneration [24], genome rearrangement [25], codon reassignment [26], and cortical inheritance [27], for which the ciliate clade is renowned.DBT-Cambridge Lectureshi

On Clean and Nil-clean Symbolic 2-Plithogenic Rings

A ring is said to be clean if every element of the ring can be written as a sum of an idempotent element and a unit element of the ring and a ring is said to be nil-clean if every element of the ring can be written as a sum of an idempotent element and a nilpotent element of the ring. In this paper, we generalize these arguments to symbolic 2-plithogenic structure. We introduce the structure of clean and nil-clean symbolic 2-plithogenic rings and some of its elementary properties are presented. Also, we have found the equivalence between classical clean(nil-clean) ring R and the corresponding symbolic 2-plithogenic ring 2-SPR

Solution of System of Symbolic 2-Plithogenic Linear Equations using Cramer's Rule

In this article, the concept of system of symbolic 2-plithogenic linear equations and its solutions are introduced and studied. The Cramer's rule was applied to solve the system of symbolic 2-plithogenic linear equations. Also, provided enough examples for each case to enhance understanding

3-Phenyl-1-[2-(3-phenyl­isoquinolin-1-yl)­diselan­yl]isoquinoline

The complete molecule of the title compound, C30H20N2Se2, is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre at the mid-point of the Se—Se bond. The dihedral angle between the isoquinoline-1-selenol group and the phenyl ring is 14.92 (2)°. The herringbone-like packing of the structure is supported by inter­molecular π–π stacking inter­actions with a shortest perpendicular distance between isoquinoline groups of 3.514 Å; the slippage between these ring systems is 0.972 Å, and the distance between the centroids of the six-membered carbon rings is 3.645 (3) Å

1-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-2-phenyl-2-(3-phenyl-1-isoquinolylsulfan­yl)ethanone

The title compound, C29H20ClNOS, is a 1-substituted-3-phenyl­isoquinoline that crystallizes with four independent mol­ecules in the asymmtric unit. The four mol­ecules have similar C—S—C angles. The most noteworthy differences between the mol­ecules relate to the inclination of the 3-phenyl subsituent with respect to the isoquinoline fused-ring [dihedral angles of 21.2 (1), 25.6 (2), 34.3 (1) and 36.5 (2)°]

2-[2-(Cyclo­hexyl­carbon­yl)phen­yl]-1-phenyl­ethanone

The title diketone, C21H22O2, features a phenyl­ene ring having benzoyl­methyl and cyclo­hexa­noyl substituents ortho to each other. The cyclo­hexyl ring adopts a chair conformation with the ketonic group occupying an equatorial position; the four-atom –C(O)–C ketonic unit is twisted out of the plane of the phenyl­ene ring by 34.9 (1)°

5-Phenyl-3-(2-thien­yl)-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinoline

In the title mol­ecule, C20H13N3S, the triazoloisoquinoline ring system is approximately planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.045 Å and a maximum deviation of 0.090 (2) Å from the mean plane for the triazole ring C atom which is bonded to the thio­phene ring. The phenyl ring is twisted by 52.0 (1)° with respect to the mean plane of the triazoloisoquinoline ring system. The thio­phene ring is rotationally disordered by approximately 180° over two sites, the ratio of refined occupancies being 0.73 (1):0.27 (1)

Microstructural characterization of friction stir welded AA5083 aluminum alloy joints

The objective of the current work is to apply Taguchi L9 orthogonal array to enhance the welding process factors for friction stir welding (FSW) of AA5083 aluminium alloy plates. Using a randomized procedure, the Taguchi orthogonal array was implemented to identify the FSW process parameters such as the rotating speed of the tool, welding speed, and tilting angle of the tool. The optimum welding parameters for the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the joints were predicted and the individual rank of each process parameter on the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the friction stir weld was assessed by investigative ANOVA results and the S/N ratio (signal-to- noise ratio). The most desirable rotational speed of the tool, welding speed and tilting angle of the tool were 600 rev. per. min, 70 millimeter/min and 1o appropriately for the ultimate eluting strength and 600 rev. per. min, 80 millimeter/min and 1o correspondingly for summit joint hardness. The outcomes of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) designated that the tilting angle of the tool has the higher statistical effect succeeded by the welding velocity and rotational speed of the tool. Furthermore, metallurgical properties of the weld cross-sections were investigated by using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The microstructure of the stir zone reveals finer grain structure, directed to the higher hardness, which gives rise to higher tensile strength