Adjustment Problems Faced by Children with Learning Disabilities– Impact of Special Education

Learning disabilities are professionally diagnosed difficulties with reading, writing, speaking, listening, spelling, reasoning or doing math. People with learning disabilities have trouble taking in information through their senses and processing that information accurately to the brain-Usually they will receive scrambling information like a distorted radio signal or fuzzy television picture. A child with Learning Disability appears to exhibit emotional problems due to adjustment difficulties resulting from academic failure. Sometimes kids have trouble expressing their feelings, calming themselves down, and reading nonverbal cues, which can lead to difficulty in the classroom and with their peers. Students with undetected learning disabilities might demonstrate undesirable behaviour for a variety of reasons. They might feel angry, sad, lonely, frustrated, or hopeless as a result of focusing on their difficulties. Special needs students are deprived of a suitable education when they are taught at a mismatched level with students how are significantly above their level. Children with learning disabilities may have problems with Academics, social, home and emotional aspects. These problems they may over come through attending special education classes and parental attention.  There is a need for special education for children with learning disability and conduct awareness programmes regarding learning disability and their common problems

Assessment of Self-Concept among Children with Special Needs

The self is one’s inner world. It results from evolutional interaction with others, becoming the consistent personal perception of “I” and “Me”. The self-concept really is the individual’s anticipation of his general acceptance or rejection in a given situation; as the self concept is formulated, it tends to shape to new experience and to an established pattern. A handicapped child may be defined as one who suffers from any continuing disability of body, intellect or personality which is likely to interfere with his normal growth and development or capacity to learn. Self-concept means the totality of attitudes, judgment and values of an individual relating to his behavior, abilities and qualities. This self-concept is the evaluation of the self and develops in relation to an individual’s creative behavior. During early life the child’s self evaluation is heavily dependent on the ways in which others accept him, specially his parents and other family members. For the purpose of the study a total of 96 children were selected. 32 each from the visually challenged, hearing impaired and Orthopaedically challenged. Within each group of 32 children, 8 boys and 8 girls (16) from 11-12 years age group and 8 boys and 8 girls (16) from 13-14 years age group were selected. Each child’s self-concept was assessed by using the Tennesse self-concept scale modified and cross validated by Vasundhara Devi (1985). This scale consists of 80 items distributed over eight dimensions to measure the overall level of self-concept. Each dimension consists of 10 items. In visually challenged children boys of 11-12 years recorded highest score for “family-self” and “behaviour and self-satisfaction” (mean score = 26.8 each). In girls of 11-12 years the top score was for “physical-self” (mean score=34.6). Hearing impaired boys of both age-groups recorded highest score “physical-self” (28.1). In contrast in hearing impaired girls “social-self” registered the best mean score (27 and 26.9) in the two age-groups. Orthopeadically challenged boys of both age-groups scored highest for ‘social-self’ (24.9). Compared to boys in Orthopaedically challenged girls “Physical-self” and “social-self” shared the top spot in scores (mean score=26.2 each) in 11-12 years group. In 13-14 age-group of girls “Physical- self” scored highest (mean score=24) .Irrespective of type of disability gender or age-groups, compared to other dimensions of self-concept moral-self and ethical-self recorded the least scores

Effect of fertilizer carbamide on proteolytic enzymes of fish Labeo rohita

Specific activities of acid, alkaline and neutral proteases in liver, muscle, brain, and gill of fish exposed to 50 ppm ambient carbamide for 15, 30 and 60 days and in control were estimated. It was observed that carbamide even at low concentration of 50 ppm inhibited proteolysis and favoured protein synthesis

Fine needle aspiration: a simple and handy tool to diagnose malignant lymphadenopathy

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of the lymph node is a simple useful screening test to diagnose suspected and unsuspected secondary and primary lymph node malignancy. The aim of the present study is to know the role of FNAC in the diagnosis of clinically suspected and unsuspected lymph node malignancies. Study design: prospective cohort study.Methods: Study material comprise of ‘76’ lymph nodes aspirates reported as malignant on cytology, out of total 445 cases of lymph node aspiration in two years period i.e. from October 2014 to September 2016.These 76 smears were studied and tabulated according to their cytomorphology and the lymph node group affected was noted. The clinical and radiological data were also noted.Results: Males were found more affected than females. cervical lymph node is the commonest group involved. Metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma was the most common diagnosis made on cytology.Conclusions: FNAC is found simple and very useful tool for diagnosing malignant lesions of lymph nodes especially in case of metastasis

STUDY OF SALIVARY PH IN PATIENTS WITH THE PREVALENCE OF PERIODONTITIS WITH OR WITHOUT DIABETES MELLITUS

ABSTRACTObjective: To assess the relationship between salivary pH and periodontitis in subjects with and without diabetes mellitus. The relationship betweendiabetes mellitus and salivary pH has been assessed. The relationship between periodontitis and salivary pH has been assessed.But the relationshipbetween diabetes mellitus, periodontitis and salivary pH among adults has received less attention.Methods: A total of sixty subjects were evaluated in the study with no history of diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, with periodontitis but no historyof diabetes mellitus, with periodontitis and diabetes mellitusas twenty in each group.pH strips were used to measure the salivary pH.Results: The results show that a decreased salivary pHwas seen in subjects having periodontitis with diabetes as compared to subjects havingperiodontitis without diabetes.Conclusion: Thus diabetes mellitus have a direct effect on salivary pH, reducing it from normal levels.Keywords: Periodontitis, Diabetes mellitus, Salivary pH

EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CULTURE MEDIA FOR ENHANCED PRODUCTION OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (MTCC NO 2453) BIOMASS AND ITS PROTEINS

Objective: Microorganisms, especially bacteria and its proteins have proven to be potential anti-cancer agents as they selectively attack the tumor cells or tumor micro-environments. The extract of Pseudomonas aeruginosa found to contain proteins that have shown promising anticancer activity. In this work, it was attempted to increase the biomass and trigger the total protein fraction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453).Methods: The organism was cultivated in three different such as Luria-Bertani (LB) broth, minimal medium9 (M9), super broth medium (SB) and asparagine-proline (AP) broth. Asparagine proline broth was selected as it has shown high cell growth rate. The media was further optimized by the addition of NaHCO3 and copper sulphate to trigger the protein production. Optimized Aspergine proline broth has achieved highest cell biomass. After the shake flask culture, the overnight grown culture in optimized AP medium was further grown in a 5 L bioreactor by fed-batch cultivation to achieve higher cell densities.Results: The highest protein production was achieved at 40 ° C. Highest biomass and protein content was observed at pH 8 while lowest biomass was produced at pH 2. A gradual increase in biomass content observed from 12 h towards to 48 h.Conclusion: High biomass and proteins content and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 2453) can be produced in optimized asparagine-proline broth. Further the extract is purified to produce novel anti-cancer proteins

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GEL LOADED WITH MICROSPHERES OF APREMILAST FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM

Objective: The main objective of the present research work was to formulate and evaluate gel loaded with microspheres of apremilast to increase bioavailability and to reduce the dosing frequency and to improve patient compliance. Methods: Gel loaded with microspheres of apremilast was prepared by solvent evaporation method by taking different ratios of polymers. Ethyl cellulose as a polymer, dichloromethane solvent is used as drug solubility, polyvinyl alcohol as a surfactant, and sodium alginate is used as gelling agent. Prepared gel loaded with microspheres was evaluated for drug interactions by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry studies, and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to select effective one among all formulations. The prepared formulations (F1–F6) were evaluated for pre-formulation studies, spreadability, viscosity, pH measurement, gel strength, homogeneity, drug content, in vitro diffusion studies, drug kinetics, and finally for stability studies. Results: Differential scanning calorimeter studies confirmed that there is no drug interaction between drug and excipients. FTIR spectroscopy studies confirmed that there is compatibility between drug and excipients. Regular and spherical shape particles with smooth surface were observed in the SEM photographs. The optimized gel loaded with microspheres of F4 formulation (drug: polymer in 1:4 ratio) is more effective compared to all formulations. The prepared gel showed acceptable physical properties such as spreadability (5.86±0.54 g.cm/s), viscosity (568 cps), pH (6.33±0.55), gel strength (38 s) and drug content (90.00±0.71%). In vitro diffusion studies have shown 80.1±1.92% drug release in 10 h. Drug kinetics follows zero order kinetics and n value was found to be 0.721. Stability studies were done for 3 months. Conclusion: All the results show that the gel loaded with microspheres of apremilast can be effectively used for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

TOXICITY EVALUATION OF AMMONIUM SULFATE TO ALBINO RAT

Objective: The present study was designed to find out the acute median lethal dose (LD50) of ammonium sulfate (inorganic fertilizer) in Wister albino rats.Methods: A single dose of ammonium sulfate dissolved in distilled water (Milli-Q) and administered intraperitoneally at concentrations of 10, 30, 50,70, 90, 110, 130, and 170 mg/kg body weight, respectively, to experimental animals, and then, they were observed every 3 hrs from prior dose giventime, later 6 hrs, 12 hrs, 24 hrs, to 48 hrs of noticing any abnormal behaviors and toxic signs, symptoms. After 48 hrs, counted the number of rats departed in each group and mortality percentage was calculated.Results: The obtained results were evaluated by the Statistical Probit Analysis Method and 48 hrs LD value for albino rats was found to be 91.5 mg/kg. At a single dose of 10 mg/kg, there is no morality and toxic behaviors were observed. Therefore, this concentration is considered as no observed adverse effect level dose. Conclusion: From the earlier consequences, identification and evaluation of the LD50 50 against ammonium sulfate is crucial for understanding thehyperammonemia because ammonium sulfate has been highly utilized as inorganic fertilizer in agriculture and household gardens. Thus, theknowledge about toxic impacts of ammonia useful for clinical or toxicological approaches; however, the toxicity data are unclear. Hence, the in vitroLD 50 evaluations of target chemical in Wistar rats is highly associated toward in ammonia-related peculiar disorders perceptive and therapy.Keywords: Ammonium sulfate, Fertilizer, Median lethal dose, Mortality, No observed adverse effect level.50 Objective:Thepresentstudywasdesignedtofindouttheacutemedianlethaldose(LD )ofammoniumsulfate(inorganicfertilizer)inWisteralbinorats.  Methods:Asingledoseofammoniumsulfatedissolvedindistilledwater(Milli-Q)andadministeredintraperitoneallyatconcentrationsof10,30,50,70, 90, 110, 130, and 170 mg/kg body weight, respectively, to experimental animals, and then, they were observed every 3 hrs from prior dose given time, later 6 hrs, 12 hrs, 24 hrs, to 48 hrs of noticing any abnormal behaviors and toxic signs, symptoms. After 48 hrs, counted the number of rats departed in each group and mortality percentage was calculated.  50 Results:  The  obtained  results  were  evaluated  by  the  Statistical  Probit  Analysis  Method  and  48  hrs  LD  value  for  albino  rats  was  found  to be91.5mg/kg.Atasingledoseof10mg/kg,thereisnomoralityandtoxicbehaviorswereobserved.Therefore,thisconcentrationisconsideredas no observed adverse effect level dose.  50 Conclusion:Fromtheearlierconsequences,identificationandevaluationoftheLD  againstammoniumsulfateiscrucialforunderstandingthe hyperammonemiabecauseammoniumsulfatehasbeenhighlyutilizedasinorganicfertilizerinagricultureandhouseholdgardens.Thus,the knowledgeabouttoxicimpactsofammoniausefulforclinicalortoxicologicalapproaches;however,thetoxicitydataareunclear.Hence,theinvitroLD 50 evaluations of target chemical in Wistar rats is highly associated toward in ammonia-related peculiar disorders perceptive and therapy. Keywords: Ammonium sulfate, Fertilizer, Median lethal dose, Mortality, No observed adverse effect leve

Seroprevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in voluntary and replacement blood donors in a tertiary care hospital blood bank of Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India: 5 years retrospective study

Background: Critical part of transfusion is effective screening of TTI, to reduce the risk of transmission is as safe as possible. The present study has undertaken to focus on seroprevalence of TTIs among both voluntary and replacement donors and also to project epidemiological data of TTIs in this community.Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted from January 2014 to December 2018. All blood samples collected from donors were screened for HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and malaria according to blood bank policy. Before drawing blood, donors were asked to fill pre structured Blood bank questionnaire and consent form.Results: In this present 5-year study, total number of blood donor population was 54937, among them voluntary donors were 33891 and replacement donors were 21046. Out of 33891 voluntary donors, 33486(98.8%) were males and remaining 405(1.19%) were females. All replacement donors (21046) were males. The seroprevalence of HBV was highest, 1.82% (1003/54937) followed by HCV 0.31% (175/54937) in all the donors. The seropositivity for HIV is 0.23% (129/54937), for syphilis 0.04% (24/54937) and for malaria 0.01% (6/54937).Conclusions: National blood transfusion policy should be strengthening the standards and quality of screening across the country. For blood screening, resources and appropriate screening assays must be available at all health centres