Turfgrass species response exposed to increasing rates of glyphosate application

To investigate the response of nine turfgrass species exposed to increasing rates of glyphosate application, the dry matter production, visual leaf injury symptoms (e.g., chlorosis and necrosis) and the concentrations of shikimate and mineral nutrients were determined in shoots. The rates of foliar glyphosate application were 0%, 5% (1.58 mM), and 20% (6.32mM) of the recommended application rate for weed control. In general, there was a negative and weak correlation between the intensity of visual injury and relative decreases in shoot dry matter production caused by glyphosate application. The decreases in shoot dry matter production and the severity of leaf damage pronounced by increasing glyphosate rate showed a substantial variation among the turfgrass species. Of the turfgrass species tested, Festuca arundinacea ‘Falcon’ and Buchloe dactyloides ‘Bowie’were selected as the most tolerant and sensitive species to applied sublethal rates of glyphosate as judged from visual injury ratings, respectively. At the highest glyphosate rate, shoot dryweightwas decreased by 4-fold in Bowie and only 1.6-fold in Falcon. When glyphosatewas not applied, shoot shikimate concentration of all species was very low and below 2.8mol g−1 FW (fresh weight). Glyphosate applications resulted in increases in shoot shikimate concentration with substantial variations among species. At 6.32mM glyphosate treatment, shikimate concentration ranged between 156.1mol g−1 (F. rubra, Ambrose) and 16.5mol g−1 FW (F. rubra, Cindy Lou). However, the highly sensitive and the tolerant genotypes were not different in shoot shikimate concentrations. Even, in the case of some genotypes, high glyphosate tolerance is accompanied by higher shoot concentrations of shikimate. Depending on the turfgrass species and mineral nutrients tested, increasing glyphosate application either did not affect or reduced mineral nutrient concentrations. In the case of decreases in shoot concentration of mineral nutrients, the decreases in Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe were most distinct. The results obtained indicate existence of a large genetic variation in tolerance to glyphosate toxicity among the turfgrass species. This differential variation in tolerance to glyphosate could not be explained by the changes in shoot concentrations of shikimate and mineral nutrients

Multi-slice ptychography with large numerical aperture multilayer Laue lenses

The highly convergent x-ray beam focused by multilayer Laue lenses with large numerical apertures is used as a three-dimensional (3D) probe to image layered structures with an axial separation larger than the depth of focus. Instead of collecting weakly scattered high-spatial-frequency signals, the depth-resolving power is provided purely by the intense central cone diverged from the focused beam. Using the multi-slice ptychography method combined with the on-the-fly scan scheme, two layers of nanoparticles separated by 10 μm are successfully reconstructed with 8.1 nm lateral resolution and with a dwell time as low as 0.05 s per scan point. This approach obtains high-resolution images with extended depth of field, which paves the way for multi-slice ptychography as a high throughput technique for high-resolution 3D imaging of thick samples

Probabilistic Seismic Loss Estimation for Eskisehir, Turkey

Stochastic methods are utilized for the assessment of seismic hazard for the Eskisehir region. A comprehensive earthquake catalog, in which earthquakes in different scales are converted to a common scale, is compiled. Seismic source zones near the region with revised boundaries and various attenuation relationships are employed. Uncertainties related to the seismicity parameters and different assumptions are taken into consideration by using the logic tree procedure. Seismic hazard maps in terms of peak ground acceleration and MSK intensity, corresponding to a return period of 475 years are developed for Eskisehir. At the end of the study, the expected earthquake damage is estimated for the 31 districts located in Odunpazari, which is a municipality of Eskisehir

Electrode Fixation with Bone Cement or Stimloc (R) in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: A Comparative Study

AIM: To examine the postoperative outcomes of electrode fixation using bone cement and Stimloc?? in patients with Parkinson???s MATERIAL and METHODS: Between 2016 and 2018, permanent electrode fixation was performed in 30 patients with PD, of which 15 received bone cement and the remaining 15 received Stimloc??. Data regarding preoperative Unified Parkinson???s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) III scores, levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) values, surgery duration, and the fixation technique used were recorded. Brain computed tomography was performed for early postoperative evaluation of pneumocephalus and possible hematoma as well as for the determination of migration 1 year postoperatively. UPDRS III scores and LEDD values were re-evaluated 1 year postoperatively; surgery duration, clinical effectiveness, and complication rates were compared between the two fixation techniques. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference in application time was observed between the two techniques (bone cement: 21 min, Stimloc??: 6 min). After 1 year from surgery, 0.92- and 0.88-mm migrations were observed in the bone cement and Stimloc?? groups, respectively. A significant correlation between migration and the pneumocephalus volume was observed in both groups. No differences were observed between the groups regarding infection, migration, pneumocephalus volume, wound erosion, and CONCLUSION: Stimloc?? is preferred over bone cement for electrode fixation in DBS surgeries as it is associated with shorter application duration; this increases patient comfort and tolerance during awake surgery. Clinical efficacy and complication rates associated with both techniques are similar