Aspectos etiológicos, classificação, etapas e condutas terapêuticas para o tratamento interdisciplinar das fissuras labiopalatinas

As fissuras labiopalatinas são defeitos congênitos comuns entre as malformações que atingem a face e a prevalência varia entre 1 e 2 indivíduos brancos para cada 1000 nascimentos e no Brasil os dados estatísticos oscilam em torno de 1:650. Essas malformações são estabelecidas precocemente na vida IU (intra-uterina) e a formação da face ocorre da diferenciação dos processos maxilares, frontal, nasais mediais, nasais laterais e mandibulares e da 4ª semana de vida IU até o final da 8ª semana as estruturas se fusionam adquirindo feições humanas e no final da 12ª semana os processos palatinos tem a sua completa coalescência. A falta de fusão dos processos faciais levam a diferentes tipos de fissuras labiais, faciais e palatinas. A meta terapêutica é a reabilitação integral do paciente que envolve uma equipe multi e interdisciplinar, reconstruindo o defeito anatômico, devolvendo a estética, a função e sobretudo a integração psicossocial com a sociedade. As fissuras labiopalatinas englobam uma ampla variedade de malformações com extensões e amplitudes que determinam protocolos e prognósticos de tratamento distintos. Portanto é fundamental uma proposta simples e prática para o diagnóstico e classificação das fissuras, calcado na embriologia, identificando sua anatomia e priorizando as abordagens terapêuticas. A reabilitação envolve procedimentos cirúrgicos e extracirurgicos em épocas oportunas, envolvendo as especialidades quase todas médicas, odontológicas, fonoaudiológicas e psicossociais. Serão abordados as características morfológicas e funcionais dos diferentes tipos de fissuras, sua etiologia, as variáveis que interferem no crescimento maxilar e facial e as etapas e condutas terapêuticas que levam à reabilitação de excelênciaDisponível em cd-rom. Acesso ao resum

Outcomes of permanent canines on the cleft side after secondary alveolar grafting using different materials in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate

The prevalence of impaction of the permanent canine on the cleft side (PCCS) ranges from 12-35% after alveolar bone grafting (ABG). PCCSs usually develop above other permanent teeth in the alveolar process, gradually becoming vertical until they reach the occlusal plane. The type of cleft, hypodontia of lateral incisor on the cleft side, slower PCCS root development, and genetic factors are predictors of impaction and/or its ectopic eruption. Objective: To compare the behavior of PCCS in individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) subjected to secondary alveolar grafting (SAG) with different materials. Methodology: This retrospective longitudinal study analyzed 120 individuals undergoing SAG with iliac crest bone, rhBMP-2, and mandibular symphysis. The individuals were selected at a single center and equally divided into three groups. Panoramic radiographs were analyzed by the Dolphin Imaging 11.95 software to measure PCCS angulation and PCCS height from the occlusal plane at two different timepoints. Results: No statistical significance was found between grafting materials (P=0.416). At T1, the PCCS height from the occlusal plane was greater for rhBMP-2 and mandibular symphysis compared to iliac crest bone. The lateral incisor on the cleft side was not related to success or lack of eruption of PCCS (P=0.870). Conclusion:Impaction rates of PCCS were similar for the materials studied. Absence of the lateral incisor on the cleft side did not prevent spontaneous eruption of PCCSs

The influence of orthodontic treatment on the dental archs of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients

Objective: The present study evaluated the effect of orthopedic/orthodontic treatment on development and sagital growth of mandibible and maxila using the occlusal index evaluation method known as Goslon Yardstick. Material and methods: One hundred and nine patients were evaluated and ranked first in the deciduous / early mixed dentition and again after orthopedic / orthodontic treatment in late.permanent dentition. Results: The G3 group showed positive influence of orthodontic/orthopedic treatment in about half of the sample. In the remainder, the treatment was not effective enough to compensate the expected already restrictive effect and residual mandibular growth . The group initially classified as G4 and G5, the success on treatment, when realized, was not enough to influence positively the sagital discrepancy. So, there was need for orthognathic surgery in almost every G4 and G5 sample

Cephalometric predictors of hypernasality and nasal air emission

During times of increasingly recognized importance of interprofessional practices, professionals in Medicine, Dentistry, and Speech Pathology areas cooperate to optimize treatment of velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD), after primary palatoplasty for correction of cleft palate. Objective: Our study aims to compare velar length, velar thickness, and depth of the nasopharynx of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) with the presence, or absence, of hypernasality and nasal air emission; and to verify if the depth:length ratio, between nasopharynx and velum, would be predictive of consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission (speech signs of VPD). Methodology: Cephalometric radiographs and outcome of speech assessment were obtained from 429 individuals, between 6 and 9 years of age, with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate. Velar length, velar thickness, depth of the nasopharynx, depth:length ratio, scores of hypernasality, and scores of nasal air emission were studied and compared; grouping the radiographs according to presence or absence of hypernasality and nasal air emission. Results: For the group with speech signs of velopharyngeal dysfunction (those with consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission), the velums were shorter and thinner; the nasopharynx was deeper and the depth:length ratio was larger than the group without hypernasality and nasal air emission. Velar length was significantly shorter in individuals with consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission (p<0.001) and with history of palatal fistula (p=0.032). Depth of nasopharynx was significantly greater in individuals with consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission (p<0.001). Depthlength ratio was significantly larger in individuals with consistent hypernasality and nasal air emission (p<0.001). A depth:length ratio larger than 0.93 was always associated with speech signs of VPD. Conclusion; Estimated with cephalometric radiographs, a depth:length ratio greater than 0.93, between the nasopharyngeal space and the velum, was 100% accurate in predicting hypernasality and nasal air emission after primary repair of unilateral cleft lip and palate

Periodontal morphology of teeth moved into grafted alveolar cleft a CBCT assessment

Purpose: the purpose of this research was to assess the periodontal morphology of the canine mesialized to the grafted region in patients with unilateral alveolar clefts with by measuring images of cone- beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams. Methods: the sample comprised CBCT exams of 30 patients with unilateral cleft lip and/or palate during retention period after orthodontic comprehensive treatment. Buccal and lingual alveolar bone thickness of the canine in the clefted side (CF) were measured and compared to the canine (CsF) and lateral incisor in the non-cleft side (IL). To assess the buccal and lingual bone crest height, parassagital slices were obtained passing through the center of the crown of each evaluated teeth. It was calculated the distance form the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the buccal and lingual alveolar bone crest. The comparison among the CF values with the CsF and IL was performed with the paired t test or the Wilcoxon test, depending on the distribution of normality. Results: the results showed that the buccal bone plate is thinner than the lingual bone plate in every tooth evaluated. When comparing the CF and the CsF, there was a statistically significant difference to the buccal alveolar bone thickness (p=0,002). When comparing the CF and IL, there was a statistically significant difference to the buccal alveolar bone thickness (p=0,001) and the lingual bone crest height (p=0,000). Conclusion: the mesialization of teeth to grafted alveolar bone in patients with clefts is a viable option under the periodontal and esthetical perception.FAPES

Orthodontic-surgical treatment in monozygotic twins with unilateral cleft lip and palate and Van Der Woude syndrome

Objective: to describe the surgical-orthodontic treatment in monozygotic twins with unilateral cleft lip and palate on opposite sides, Van der Woude syndrome, III facial pattern with severe maxillary deficiency. Clinical report: J.L.P. and J.L.P patients, 21 years old, regularly registered and treated in the Orthodontics sector of HRAC/USP. The interceptive orthodontic treatment began with the use of Haas expander associated with facial mask. The alveolar bone graft to fill the alveolar bone defect was performed in ideal time, before the irruption of the permanent canine. Due to the large maxillomandibular discrepancy, one of the patients underwent a maxilla osteogenic distraction surgery, in order to reduce the sagittal step, performing a new expansion two years after distraction. The corrective orthodontics was performed for the orthognathic surgery by decompensation of the upper and lower dental arches. Orthognathic surgery was done at the end of craniofacial growth. The cases were finalized with the positioning of the canines as the missing lateral incisors on the cleft side and canines as the central incisors on the noncleft side. After the appliance removal, it was adapted as contention a Hawley plate and a 3x3. Conclusion: it is possible to perform similar surgical-orthodontic treatment in twins’ patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and Van der Woude syndrome. A static and functional occlusion was achieved after treatment, even considering the position of the canine as central incisor on one side and as lateral incisor on the opposite side in both patients

Increase in age is associated with worse outcomes in alveolar bone grafting in patients with bilateral complete cleft palate

Abstract: This prospective study aimed at evaluating the surgical outcomes of alveolar bone grafting (ABG) in subjects with bilateral cleft lip and palate treated at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil, by means of cone-beam computed tomography. Twenty-five patients with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate, resulting in 50 clefts, were analyzed. Subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the dentition status at the time of surgery: (1) SABG group: subjects with mixed dentition operated on before or immediately after eruption of the permanent canine (10–13 years); (2) TABG group: subjects with permanent dentition (15–23 years). Cone-beam computed tomography analysis was performed in the buccal, intermediate, and palatal views, 2 and 6 to 12 months postoperatively. In the SABG group, 96% of the grafts were classified as successful, and no failure cases were observed. In the TABG group, successful cases decreased to 65%, and failures were seen in 27% of the cleft sites. In both postoperative periods, significantly better outcomes (lower mean scores) were observed for the SABG group in all the cone-beam computed tomography views (P < 0.05). Results show that the timing of surgery is an important factor in determining the outcomes of ABG in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate, with increasing age being associated with the worse outcomes.CAPESPRODO

Avaliação dos efeitos da queiloplastia e palatoplastia primária sobre o crescimento dos arcos dentários de crianças com fissura transforame incisivo unilateral aos 5-6 anos de idade

O presente trabalho de pesquisa descreve um estudo retrospectivo com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das cirurgias primárias de lábio e palato sobre a relação dos arcos dentários, mediante a obtenção dos modelos de estudo de 317 pacientes portadores de fissura de lábio e palato completos (fissura transforame incisivo unilateral), documentados aos 5 - 6 anos de idade, dentre as quais, 267 pacientes são do Centro de Bauru e 50 do Centro de Oslo - Noruega. Os modelos de estudos foram avaliados por diferentes categorias de examinadores, baseados nos índices oclusais de Atack et al aplicados aos 5 anos de idade, atribuindo escores de 1 a 5. O nível de reprodutibilidade inter-examinadores e intra-examinadores do índice oclusal mostrou ser bastante eficaz e o nível de concordância entre diferentes categorias de examinadores também foi satisfatório. Na comparação intercentros, o índice oclusal médio de Oslo mostrou superioridade (2,52) sobre os de Bauru (3,07). 60% da amostra de Oslo apresentaram índices 1 e 2, 22% o índice 3 e 18% os índices 4 e 5. Na amostra de Bauru, 34% representaram o índice 1 e 2, 27,72% o índice 3 e 38, 20% os índices 4 e 5. A amplitude da fissura influencia a relação interarcos final, assim como a presença de bandeleta interfere na amplitude da fissura e conseqüentemente na relação interarcos. A avaliação dos protocolos cirúrgicos não permite obter conclusões decisivas em função do grande número de variáveis, mas, os resultados sugerem que mais do que a técnica cirúrgica em sí, a habilidade e experiência do cirurgião são fatores decisivos nos resultados interarcos.The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the effect of lip and palate primary repair on the dental arch relationships of 317 complete unilateral cleft lip and palate patients aged 5-6 years. Of the total sample, 267 patients were from Bauru Center, in Brazil, and 50 from the Oslo Center, in Norway. The current study was performed on the basis of cast models, which were ranked in 5 groups according to the 5-year old study model index proposed by Atack et al. All models were evaluated by different categories of examiners. Inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility using the occlusal index proved to be efficient. The degree of agreement among different categories of examiners were also satisfactory. The inter-center comparison showed better results for the Oslo Center (2,52) than for Bauru Center (3,07). 60% of the Oslo sample presented occlusal indexes 1 and 2; 22% presented occlusal index 3, and 18% presented indexes 4 and 5. 34% of Bauru sample presented occlusal indexes 1 and 2; 27,72% presented index 3, and 38,20% presented indexes 4 and 5. Cleft size influenced the final inter-arch relationship, as well as Simonart's band influenced the cleft size and the final inter-arch relationship. Evaluation of the surgical protocol does not allow for decisive conclusions due to the great number of variables. However, the findings suggest that the surgeon's skill and experience, more than the surgical technique itself, are decisive factors that may interfere in the dentoalveolar results