Overhauser-enhanced MRI.

FIGURES 13–14. 13—Corimalia strejceki, paratype, mucro and comb of setae on apex of metatibia in male; 14—Corimalia aliena, mucro and comb of setae on apex of metatibia in male

Acute cognitive effects of nonconvulsive difficult-to-detect epileptic seizures and epileptiform electroencephalographic discharges

\u3cp\u3eThis study compares the acute cognitive effects of short nonconvulsive seizures with the effects of interictal epileptiform electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges in children. The study is a prospective, standardized, nonrandomized, and open clinical comparative study. Eligible patients were included when they had (a) unclear seizures and fluctuations in cognitive performance and (b) frequent epileptiform EEG discharges in a recent EEG. All children were assessed with EEG/video (Brainlab) simultaneously with computerized neuropsychologic testing (FePsy) assessing motor speed/alertness, mental speed/attention, and memory function. Eleven patients with short nonconvulsive seizures during cognitive testing were included and compared with 11 matched patients with interictal epileptiform EEG discharges during cognitive testing but without seizures. Patients included in both groups had a reconfirmed diagnosis of epilepsy. Cognitive performance for both groups was compared. Statistical analysis showed significant correlations between the number of seizures (during cognitive testing) and impaired alertness and between the duration of the ictal period and memory impairment. Interictal epileptiform EEG discharges do not have an additional independent effect on cognitive function. The results demonstrate the accumulating cognitive effect of seizures and illustrate that frequent seizures, even when these are short in duration and with subtle symptomatology, can have a substantial impact on daily life and can lead to state-dependent learning impairment. Alertness and short-term memory appeared to be the functions that are most vulnerable for the acute effects of seizures.\u3c/p\u3

Ramping down a clinical 3 T scanner: a journey into MRI and MRS at 0.75 T

ObjectLower-field MR is reemerging as a viable, potentially cost-effective alternative to high-field MR, thanks to advances in hardware, sequence design, and reconstruction over the past decades. Evaluation of lower field strengths, however, is limited by the availability of lower-field systems on the market and their considerable procurement costs. In this work, we demonstrate a low-cost, temporary alternative to purchasing a dedicated lower-field MR system.Materials and MethodsBy ramping down an existing clinical 3 T MRI system to 0.75 T, proton signals can be acquired using repurposed C-13 transmit/receive hardware and the multi-nuclei spectrometer interface. We describe the ramp-down procedure and necessary software and hardware changes to the system.ResultsApart from presenting system characterization results, we show in vivo examples of cardiac cine imaging, abdominal two- and three-point Dixon-type water/fat separation, water/fat-separated MR Fingerprinting, and point-resolved spectroscopy. In addition, the ramp-down approach allows unique comparisons of, e.g., gradient fidelity of the same MR system operated at different field strengths using the same receive chain, gradient coils, and amplifiers.DiscussionRamping down an existing MR system may be seen as a viable alternative for lower-field MR research in groups that already own multi-nuclei hardware and can also serve as a testing platform for custom-made multi-nuclei transmit/receive coils.ISSN:0968-5243ISSN:1352-866

A high-performance gradient insert for rapid and short-T2 imaging at full duty cycle

Purpose The goal of this study was to devise a gradient system for MRI in humans that reconciles cutting‐edge gradient strength with rapid switching and brings up the duty cycle to 100% at full continuous amplitude. Aiming to advance neuroimaging and short‐T2 techniques, the hardware design focused on the head and the extremities as target anatomies. Methods A boundary element method with minimization of power dissipation and stored magnetic energy was used to design anatomy‐targeted gradient coils with maximally relaxed geometry constraints. The design relies on hollow conductors for high‐performance cooling and split coils to enable dual‐mode gradient amplifier operation. With this approach, strength and slew rate specifications of either 100 mT/m with 1200 mT/m/ms or 200 mT/m with 600 mT/m/ms were reached at 100% duty cycle, assuming a standard gradient amplifier and cooling unit. Results After manufacturing, the specified values for maximum gradient strength, maximum switching rate, and field geometry were verified experimentally. In temperature measurements, maximum local values of 63°C were observed, confirming that the device can be operated continuously at full amplitude. Testing for peripheral nerve stimulation showed nearly unrestricted applicability in humans at full gradient performance. In measurements of acoustic noise, a maximum average sound pressure level of 132 dB(A) was determined. In vivo capability was demonstrated by head and knee imaging. Full gradient performance was employed with echo planar and zero echo time readouts. Conclusion Combining extreme gradient strength and switching speed without duty cycle limitations, the described system offers unprecedented options for rapid and short‐T2 imaging. Magn Reson Med 79:3256–3266, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine