The simulation of diurnal surface thermal contrast in sea ice and tundra terrain

A simple surface climate simulator has the capacity to model the thermal contrast produced by stratification, variable sea ice or active layer thickness and albedo in the environment of the Alaskan North Slope. These simulations form the background for modeling the probable effects of terrain modifications produced by Arctic construction. This strategy should allow investigators to estimate the most appropriate times for the discrimination of specific targets using thermal imagery as a prospecting medium and facilitate the interpretation of existing imagery. Lastly, the scheme allows investigators of surface modification effects to select probable subsets of processes for field evaluation by examining the sensitivity of the thermal response to variations of the input properties over their anticipated ranges in conjunction with estimates of the local meteorological environment. This sequence can also be used to test the physical validity of process arguments used in the interpretation of thermal contrast in reconnaissance imagery. Ein einfaches Modell des Bodenklimas besitzt die Fähigkeit, den thermischen Kontrast, der durch Stratifikation, variable Eisbedeckung oder aktive Schichtdecke und Albedo in der Umgebung des Nordhanges Alaskas hervorgerufen wird, abzubilden. Die Modellrechnungen bilden die Basis für eine Abschätzung des Effektes von Veränderungen des Geländes im Zusammenhang mit Bauarbeiten in der Arktis. Mit diesem Modell sollte es auch möglich sein, die günstigsten Zeiten für die unterschiedliche Behandlung spezifischer Zielgebiete unter Anwendung von Temperaturabbildungen als Aufschließungsmittel ausfindig zu machen und die Interpretation der bestehenden Temperaturabbildungen zu erleichtern. Letzten Endes erlaubt das Modell, auf Grund einer Untersuchung der Empfindlichkeit der thermischen Reaktion auf Änderungen der Anfangsbedingungen in ihrem möglichen Variationsbereich im Zusammenhang mit den örtlichen meteorologischen Bedingungen die Auswahl von Teilprozessen bei der Untersuchung von Auswirkungen der Veränderungen der Oberflächenschicht des Bodens. Mittels dieses Modells kann auch die physikalische Richtigkeit verschiedener Argumente geprüft werden, die in der Interpretation von Temperaturunterschieden, welche bei Gebietsuntersuchungen auftreten, angewendet werden.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41668/1/704_2005_Article_BF02243724.pd

URBAN TERRAIN CLIMATOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING *

. Urban areas have been conceived of as monolithic heat islands because traditional ground observation techniques do not lend themselves to more specific analyses. Observations of urban energy-exchange obtained from calibrated electro-optical scanners combined with energy budget simulation techniques provide tools to relate the urban land use mosaic to the heat island phenomenon. Maps of surface energy-related phenomena were made from airborne scanner outputs for selected flightpaths across the city of Baltimore, Maryland. Conditions for the flight time were simulated according to the various types of land use using an energy budget simulation model which lends itself to extrapolation of simulated grid-point conditions into a map form. Maps made by simulation compare sufficiently well with those made by aerial observation to encourage further refinement of the simulation approach.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72392/1/j.1467-8306.1976.tb01110.x.pd

Field observations of soil temperature and water tension feedback effects on needle ice nights

Numerous laboratory studies have indicated that thermal gradients may produce appreciable soil water movement in the absence of a strong suction field. In addition the soil water flow and thermal properties are physically interrelated. This paper presents field data taken during needle ice events at Vancouver, Canada, and yields an indication of the magnitude of interaction between the thermal and water flow properties. This feedback determines the state of soil frost hazard in a location where damage to plant material is produced by ice frost hazard in a location where damage to plant material is produced by ice needle growth. Further apparently anomalous interruption in the normal parabolic temperature-time pattern during radiation events is interpreted as the product of water flow down a thermal gradient. Zahlreiche Laboratoriumsstudien deuteten darauf hin, daß thermische Gradienten selbst bei Abwesenheit starker Saugkräfte bedeutsame Wasserbewegungen im Boden hervorrufen können. Überdies stehen die Strömung des Bodenwassers und die thermischen Eigenschaften des Bodens damit in physikalischem Zusammenhang. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält Meßdaten, die während der Bildung von Nadeleis in Vancouver, Kanada, gewonnen wurden und größenordnungsmäßige Beziehungen zwischen Wärme- und Wasserstrom im Boden angeben. Die Rückkopplung zwischen den beiden Strömen bestimmt die Bodenfrostgefahr an Orten, wo Pflanzenschäden durch Eisnadelbildung hervorgerufen werden. Eine offensichtlich abnormale Unterbrechung des normalen Temperatur-Zeit-Verhältnisses während des Ausstrahlungsvorganges wird als Effekt der Wasserströmung entsprechend einem einem thermischen Gradienten interpretiert.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41661/1/703_2005_Article_BF02247747.pd

A Qualitative Examination of Pain Centrality Among Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts

Objective. Centrality of pain refers to the degree to which a patient views chronic pain as integral to his or her life or identity. The purpose of this study was to gain a richer understanding of pain centrality from the perspective of patients who live with chronic pain. Methods. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 26 Veterans with chronic and disabling musculoskeletal pain after completing a stepped care intervention within a randomized controlled trial. Qualitative data were analyzed using an immersion/crystallization approach. We evaluated the role centrality plays in Veterans’ lives and examined whether and how their narratives differ when centrality either significantly decreases or increases after participation in a stepped care intervention for chronic pain. Results. Our data identified three emergent themes that characterized pain centrality: 1) control, 2) acceptance, and 3) preoccupation. We identified five characteristics that distinguished patients’ changes in centrality from baseline: 1) biopsychosocial viewpoint, 2) activity level, 3) pain communication, 4) participation in managing own pain, and 5) social support. Conclusions. This study highlights centrality of pain as an important construct to consider within the overall patient experience of chronic pain

A study of time dependence during serial needle ice events

Soil surface temperature, net radiation and soil heave data during a series of eleven consecutive needle ice growth-melt cycles at Vancouver, Canada, were studied using computer-graphic techniques. A method of analyzing the morphologic evolution of a needle growth using surface temperature and soil heave data is presented. Lastly, an atmospheric-geomorphic correlation matrix derived partially from the analysis of surface temperature-heave data is used to highlight the importance of afternoon evaporation in determining the course of an individual needle ice event within an event series. Bodentemperatur, Strahlungsbilanz und Bodenbewegungsdaten aus Vancouver, Kanada, werden für eine Serie von elf aufeinanderfolgenden Wachstums- und Schmelzzyklen von Eisnadeln graphisch wiedergegeben. Eine Methode zur Analyse der morphologischen Entwicklung des Nadelwachstums mit Hilfe von Bodentemperaturen und Bodenbewegungsdaten wird beschrieben. Schießlich wird eine Korrelationsmatrize zwischen atmosphärischen und geomorphologischen Daten teilweise aus den Daten der Bodentemperatur und Bodenbewegung abgeleitet und dazu benützt, die Bedeutung der Verdunstung am Nachmittag für den Verlauf der Nadelbildung innerhalb der beschriebenen Serie zu demonstrieren.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41660/1/703_2005_Article_BF02250898.pd

The observation and simulation of diurnal surface thermal contrast in an Alaskan alpine pass

A simple surface climate simulator was employed in the analysis of thermal regimes in rough alpine terrain at Chitistone Pass, Alaska. The simulator favorably abstracts observations of thermal regimes on flat and sloping surfaces with variable thermal and radiative properties. It is shown that slope and exposure control variations in surface thermal regimes. The simulator predicts these controls and it is suggested that simulation of surface thermal regimes can be performed before and after field investigations, thus increasing the effective information content of thermal maps acquired using aircraft and orbital platforms. It is concluded that the removal by spatial filtering of the low frequency effects of slope and exposure on thermal maps is necessary before site material effects can be discriminated and analyzed. Ein einfaches Rechenmodell des Bodenklimas wurde auf die Analyse des Temperaturregimes im unebenen Terrain des Chitistone-Passes in Alaska angewandt. Das Modell bildet die beobachteten Temperaturregime ebener und geneigter Bodenflächen mit veränderlichen Wärmeleit- und Strahlungscharakteristiken zufriedenstellend ab. Es wird gezeigt, daß Hangneigung und Hanglage im wesentlichen das Bodentemperaturregime bedingen. Das Modell sagt diese Bedingungsfaktoren richtig voraus. Es wird daher vorgeschlagen, daß Modellrechnungen vor und nach Feldmessungen angestellt werden sollten, um den effektiven Informationsgehalt der Temperaturverteilungskarten zu erhöhen, die von Flugzeugen oder Satelliten vermessen wurden. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß die Unterdrückung niederfrequenter Effekte von Hangneigung und Hanglage auf die kartographisch festgehaltene Temperaturverteilung notwendig ist, bevor Bodenbeschaffenheitseffekte diskriminiert und analysiert werden können. Diese Unterdrückung kann durch räumliche Filterung geschehen.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41669/1/704_2005_Article_BF02243725.pd

A model of near-surface coupled-flow effects on the diurnal thermal regime of a peat-covered palsa

The thermal regime in the moist surficial peat layer of a palsa, measured during a clear and calm July day in arctic Alaska, indicates that coupled heat and water flow retard ablation of the ice core. A simulation model of coupled-flow effects was constructed using rough estimates of meteorological boundary conditions and material properties. The model indicates that ablation is inhibited by advection of cold water above the ice/peat interface, and by internal evaporation near the surface. Evaporation also limits thermal maxima near the surface; because the ratio of the heat of evaporation to the heat of fusion is approximately 7.5, the coupled-flow regime effectively retards ablation of the palsa's ice core. Das Temperaturregime in der feuchten, oberflächennahen Torfschicht eines Pals wurde während eines klaren und windstillen Julitages in der Arktis von Alaska vermessen. Es wird gezeigt, daß der gekoppelte Wärme- und Wasserstrom die Ablation des Eiskernes verzögert. Ein Simulationsmodell der gekoppelten Stromeffekte wurde konstruiert, wobei grobe Abschätzungen der meteorologischen Grenzbedingungen und der Bodenbeschaffenheit angebracht wurden. Das Modell deutet an, daß die Ablation durch Advektion von kaltem Wasser oberhalb der Eis-Torf-Grenzschicht und durch interne Verdunstung nahe der Oberfläche behindert wird. Verdunstung beschränkt außerdem die Temperaturmaxima nahe der Oberfläche. Da das Verhältnis der latenten Wärmen der Verdunstung und der Sublimation ungefähr 7,5 beträgt, verzögert das gekoppelte Stromregime effektiv die Ablation des Eiskernes der Pals.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/41663/1/703_2005_Article_BF02258484.pd

The specialty choices of graduates from Brighton and Sussex Medical School: a longitudinal cohort study

BACKGROUND Since 2007 junior doctors in the UK have had to make major career decisions at a point when previously many had not yet chosen a specialty. This study examined when doctors in this new system make specialty choices, which factors influence choices, and whether doctors who choose a specialty they were interested in at medical school are more confident in their choice than those doctors whose interests change post-graduation. METHODS Two cohorts of students in their penultimate year at one medical school (n = 227/239) were asked which specialty interested them as a career. Two years later, 210/227 were sent a questionnaire measuring actual specialty chosen, confidence, influence of perceptions of the specialty and experiences on choice, satisfaction with medicine, personality, self-efficacy, and demographics. Medical school and post-graduation choices in the same category were deemed 'stable'. Predictors of stability, and of not having chosen a specialty, were calculated using bootstrapped logistic regression. Differences between specialties on questionnaire factors were analysed. RESULTS 50% responded (n = 105/277; 44% of the 239 Year 4 students). 65% specialty choices were 'stable'. Factors univariately associated with stability were specialty chosen, having enjoyed the specialty at medical school or since starting work, having first considered the specialty earlier. A regression found doctors who chose psychiatry were more likely to have changed choice than those who chose general practice. Confidence in the choice was not associated with stability. Those who chose general practice valued lifestyle factors. A psychiatry choice was associated with needing a job and using one's intellect to help others. The decision to choose surgical training tended to be made early. Not having applied for specialty training was associated with being lower on agreeableness and conscientiousness. CONCLUSION Medical school experiences are important in specialty choice but experiences post-graduation remain significant, particularly in some specialties (psychiatry in our sample). Career guidance is important at medical school and should be continued post-graduation, with senior clinicians supported in advising juniors. Careers advice in the first year post-graduation may be particularly important, especially for specialties which have difficulty recruiting or are poorly represented at medical school

Gradient mapping of pattern ground characteristics from a photomosaic of the IBP tundra biome site near Barrow, Alaska

An air photographic mosaic covering an area of 44.5×10 5 m 2 was subdivided into 741 rectangular cells (60×100 m). Pattern frequency, center relief, shape, and wedge image clarity were tabulated using three states for each character on a nominal scale. These state variables were converted to an interval scale by the application of a spatial smoothing filter. The new values were subjected to a principal components analysis which indicated that a parsimonious classification of pattern spatial variation could be constructed by equally weighting the first three nominal variables (frequency, relief, shape). The maps derived from this scheme indicate the areas on the tundra surface where polygon evolution may be occurring at the present time.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43203/1/11004_2005_Article_BF02082889.pd

Evaluation of Stepped Care for Chronic Pain (ESCAPE) in Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts A Randomized Clinical Trial

IMPORTANCE: Despite the prevalence and the functional, psychological, and economic impact of chronic pain, few intervention studies of treatment of chronic pain in veterans have been performed. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a stepped-care intervention is more effective than usual care, as hypothesized, in reducing pain-related disability, pain interference, and pain severity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We performed a randomized clinical trial comparing stepped care with usual care for chronic pain. We enrolled 241 veterans from Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn with chronic (>3 months) and disabling (Roland Morris Disability Scale score, ≥7) musculoskeletal pain of the cervical or lumbar spine or extremities (shoulders, knees, and hips) in the Evaluation of Stepped Care for Chronic Pain (ESCAPE) trial from December 20, 2007, through June 30, 2011. The 9-month follow-up was completed by April 2012. Patients received treatment at a postdeployment clinic and 5 general medicine clinics at a Veterans Affairs medical center. INTERVENTIONS: Step 1 included 12 weeks of analgesic treatment and optimization according to an algorithm coupled with pain self-management strategies; step 2, 12 weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy. All intervention aspects were delivered by nurse care managers. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Pain-related disability (Roland Morris Disability Scale), pain interference (Brief Pain Inventory), and pain severity (Graded Chronic Pain Scale). RESULTS: The primary analysis included 121 patients receiving the stepped-care intervention and 120 patients receiving usual care. At 9 months, the mean decrease from baseline in the Roland Morris Disability Scale score was 1.7 (95% CI, -2.6 to -0.9) points in the usual care group and 3.7 (95% CI, -4.5 to -2.8) points in the intervention group (between-group difference, -1.9 [95% CI, -3.2 to -0.7] points; P=.002). The mean decrease from baseline in the Pain Interference subscale score of the Brief Pain Inventory was 0.9 points in the usual care group and 1.7 points in the intervention group (between-group difference, -0.8 [95% CI, -1.3 to -0.3] points; P=.003). The Graded Chronic Pain Scale severity score was reduced by 4.5 points in the usual care group and 11.1 points in the intervention group (between-group difference, -6.6 [95% CI, -10.5 to -2.7] points; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A stepped-care intervention that combined analgesics, self-management strategies, and brief cognitive behavioral therapy resulted in statistically significant reductions in pain-related disability, pain interference, and pain severity in veterans with chronic musculoskeletal pain