Measurements and Models for Hazardous chemical and Mixed Wastes

Mixed solvent aqueous waste of various chemical compositions constitutes a significant fraction of the total waste produced by industry in the United States. Not only does the chemical process industry create large quantities of aqueous waste, but the majority of the waste inventory at the DOE sites previously used for nuclear weapons production is mixed solvent aqueous waste. In addition, large quantities of waste are expected to be generated in the clean-up of those sites. In order to effectively treat, safely handle, and properly dispose of these wastes, accurate and comprehensive knowledge of basic thermophysical properties is essential. The goal of this work is to develop a phase equilibrium model for mixed solvent aqueous solutions containing salts. An equation of state was sought for these mixtures that (a) would require a minimum of adjustable parameters and (b) could be obtained from a available data or data that were easily measured. A model was developed to predict vapor composition and pressure given the liquid composition and temperature. It is based on the Peng-Robinson equation of state, adapted to include non-volatile and salt components. The model itself is capable of predicting the vapor-liquid equilibria of a wide variety of systems composed of water, organic solvents, salts, nonvolatile solutes, and acids or bases. The representative system o water + acetone + 2-propanol + NaNo3 was selected to test and verify the model. Vapor-liquid equilibrium and phase density measurements were performed for this system and its constituent binaries

Compressed-Liquid Densities of Three “Reference” Turbine Fuels

Compressed-liquid densities of three aviation fuels have been measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter. These fuels were chosen through a deliberative, collaborative process to replace a previous “reference” fuel (Jet A 4658) and represent a larger range of operability than that individual fuel provided. Density measurements were made from 270 to 470 K, and 0.5 to 45 MPa and have an overall combined uncertainty of 0.81 kg·m^–3. The data from each of the three fuels have been correlated with a modified Tait equation, and the parameters are reported. The densities of the fuels reported herein are compared with previously reported densities of Jet A 4658 and correlations for JP-5 and JP-8

Bubble-Point Measurements of <i>n</i>‑Butane + <i>n</i>‑Octane and <i>n</i>‑Butane + <i>n-</i>Nonane Binary Mixtures

Mixtures of small gaseous hydrocarbons with longer chain hydrocarbons are of interest to the natural gas industry as well as other industries in which separations are critical. In particular, binary mixtures of <i>n-</i>nonane are of interest, because <i>n-</i>nonane was recently incorporated into the GERG-2008 equation of state, but there is little experimental vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data available to support the equation. The bubble-point pressures of four compositions of each of the binary mixtures <i>n</i>-butane + <i>n</i>-octane and <i>n</i>-butane + <i>n-</i>nonane were measured over the temperature range of 270 to 370 K. The data and the expanded uncertainty (at a 95 % confidence level, <i>k</i> = 2) of each point are reported. Additionally, the data are compared to existing literature data for the <i>n-</i>butane + <i>n</i>-octane and the GERG-2008 equation for both systems. This is the first report of vapor–liquid equilibrium measurements on <i>n</i>-butane + <i>n-</i>nonane binary mixtures

Bubble-Point Measurements of <i>n</i>‑Propane + <i>n</i>‑Decane Binary Mixtures with Comparisons of Binary Mixture Interaction Parameters for Linear Alkanes

To develop comprehensive models for multicomponent natural gas mixtures, it is necessary to have binary interaction parameters for each of the pairs of constituent fluids that form the mixture. The determination of accurate mixture interaction parameters depends on reliably collected experimental data. In this work, we have carried out an experimental campaign to measure the bubble-point pressures of mixtures of <i>n</i>-propane and <i>n</i>-decane, a mixture that has been thus far poorly studied with only four existing data sets. The experimental measurements of bubble-point states span a composition range (in <i>n</i>-propane mole fraction) from 0.148 to 0.731, and the bubble-point pressures are measured in the temperature range from 270 to 370 K. These data, in conjunction with data from a previous publication on mixtures of <i>n</i>-butane + <i>n</i>-octane and <i>n</i>-butane + <i>n</i>-nonane, are used to determine binary interaction parameters. The newly obtained binary interaction parameters for the mixture of <i>n</i>-propane and <i>n</i>-decane represent the experimental bubble-point pressures given here to within 8% (coverage factor, <i>k</i> = 2), as opposed to previous deviations up to 19%

Measurement and Model for Hazardous Chemical and Mixed Waste

Mixed solvent aqueous waste of various chemical compositions constitutes a significant fraction of the total waste produced by industry in the United States. Not only does the chemical process industry create large quantities of aqueous waste, but the majority of the waste inventory at the Department of Energy (DOE) sites previously used for nuclear weapons production is mixed solvent aqueous waste. In addition, large quantities of waste are expected to be generated in the clean-up of those sites. In order to effectively treat, safely handle, and properly dispose of these wastes, accurate and comprehensive knowledge of basic thermophysical properties is essential. The goal of this work is to develop a phase equilibrium model for mixed solvent aqueous solutions containing salts. An equation of state was sought for these mixtures that (a) would require a minimum of adjustable parameters and (b) could be obtained from a available data or data that were easily measured. A model was developed to predict vapor composition and pressure given the liquid composition and temperature. It is based on the Peng-Robinson equation of state, adapted to include non-volatile and salt components. The model itself is capable of predicting the vapor-liquid equilibria of a wide variety of systems composed of water, organic solvents, salts, nonvolatile solutes, and acids or bases. The representative system of water + acetone + 2-propanol + NaNO3 was selected to test and verify the model. Vapor-liquid equilibrium and phase density measurements were performed for this system and its constituent binaries

Measurements And Models For Hazardous Chemical and Mixed Wastes

Aqueous waste of various chemical compositions constitutes a significant fraction of the total waste produced by industry in the United States. A large quantity of the waste generated by the U.S. chemical process industry is waste water. In addition, the majority of the waste inventory at DoE sites previously used for nuclear weapons production is aqueous waste. Large quantities of additional aqueous waste are expected to be generated during the clean-up of those sites. In order to effectively treat, safely handle, and properly dispose of these wastes, accurate and comprehensive knowledge of basic thermophysical property information is paramount. This knowledge will lead to huge savings by aiding in the design and optimization of treatment and disposal processes. The main objectives of this project are: Develop and validate models that accurately predict the phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of hazardous aqueous systems necessary for the safe handling and successful design of separation and treatment processes for hazardous chemical and mixed wastes. Accurately measure the phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of a representative system (water + acetone + isopropyl alcohol + sodium nitrate) over the applicable ranges of temperature, pressure, and composition to provide the pure component, binary, ternary, and quaternary experimental data required for model development