2,465 research outputs found
Cosmic-ray Acceleration at Ultrarelativistic Shock Waves: Effects of a "Realistic" Magnetic Field Structure
First-order Fermi acceleration processes at ultrarelativistic shocks are
studied with Monte Carlo simulations. The accelerated particle spectra are
derived by integrating the exact particle trajectories in a turbulent magnetic
field near the shock. ''Realistic'' features of the field structure are
included. We show that the main acceleration process at superluminal shocks is
the particle compression at the shock. Formation of energetic spectral tails is
possible in a limited energy range only for highly perturbed magnetic fields,
with cutoffs occuring at low energies within the resonance energy range
considered. These spectral features result from the anisotropic character of
particle transport in the downstream magnetic field, where field compression
produces effectively 2D perturbations. Because of the downstream field
compression, the acceleration process is inefficient in parallel shocks for
larger turbulence amplitudes, and features observed in oblique shocks are
recovered. For small-amplitude turbulence, wide-energy range particle spectra
are formed and modifications of the process due to the existence of long-wave
perturbations are observed. In both sub- and superluminal shocks, an increase
of \gamma leads to steeper spectra with lower cut-off energies. The spectra
obtained for the ``realistic'' background conditions assumed here do not
converge to the ``universal'' spectral index claimed in the literature. Thus
the role of the first-order Fermi process in astrophysical sources hosting
relativistic shocks requires serious reanalysis.Comment: submitted to Ap
Cosmic Ray Acceleration at Relativistic Shock Waves with a "Realistic" Magnetic Field Structure
The process of cosmic ray first-order Fermi acceleration at relativistic
shock waves is studied with the method of Monte Carlo simulations. The
simulations are based on numerical integration of particle equations of motion
in a turbulent magnetic field near the shock. In comparison to earlier studies,
a few "realistic" features of the magnetic field structure are included. The
upstream field consists of a mean field component inclined at some angle to the
shock normal with finite-amplitude sinusoidal perturbations imposed upon it.
The perturbations are assumed to be static in the local plasma rest frame.
Their flat or Kolmogorov spectra are constructed with randomly drawn wave
vectors from a wide range . The downstream field structure
is derived from the upstream one as compressed at the shock. We present
particle spectra and angular distributions obtained at mildly relativistic sub-
and superluminal shocks and also parallel shocks. We show that particle spectra
diverge from a simple power-law, the exact shape of the spectrum depends on
both the amplitude of the magnetic field perturbations and the wave power
spectrum. Features such as spectrum hardening before the cut-off at oblique
subluminal shocks and formation of power-law tails at superluminal ones are
presented and discussed. At parallel shocks, the presence of finite-amplitude
magnetic field perturbations leads to the formation of locally oblique field
configurations at the shock and the respective magnetic field compressions.
This results in the modification of the particle acceleration process,
introducing some features present in oblique shocks, e.g., particle reflections
from the shock. We demonstrate for parallel shocks a (nonmonotonic) variation
of the particle spectral index with the turbulence amplitude.Comment: revised version (37 pages, 13 figures
Self-Similar Collisionless Shocks
Observations of gamma-ray burst afterglows suggest that the correlation
length of magnetic field fluctuations downstream of relativistic non-magnetized
collisionless shocks grows with distance from the shock to scales much larger
than the plasma skin depth. We argue that this indicates that the plasma
properties are described by a self-similar solution, and derive constraints on
the scaling properties of the solution. For example, we find that the scaling
of the characteristic magnetic field amplitude with distance from the shock is
B \propto D^{s_B} with -1<s_B<=0, that the spectrum of accelerated particles is
dn/dE \propto E^{-2/(s_B+1)}, and that the scaling of the magnetic correlation
function is \propto x^{2s_B} (for x>>D). We show that the
plasma may be approximated as a combination of two self-similar components: a
kinetic component of energetic particles and an MHD-like component representing
"thermal" particles. We argue that the latter may be considered as infinitely
conducting, in which case s_B=0 and the scalings are completely determined
(e.g. dn/dE \propto E^{-2} and B \propto D^0). Similar claims apply to non-
relativistic shocks such as in supernova remnants, if the upstream magnetic
field can be neglected. Self-similarity has important implications for any
model of particle acceleration and/or field generation. For example, we show
that the diffusion function in the angle \mu of momentum p in diffusive shock
acceleration models must satisfy D_{\mu\mu}(p,D) = D^{-1}D'_{\mu\mu}(p/D), and
that a previously suggested model for the generation of large scale magnetic
fields through a hierarchical merger of current-filaments should be
generalized. A numerical experiment testing our analysis is outlined
(Abridged).Comment: 16 pages, 1 figure, accepted for publication in Ap
ets-2 is a target for an akt (Protein kinase B)/jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway in macrophages of motheaten-viable mutant mice
Differentiation of the mononuclear phagocyte system during mouse embryogenesis:the role of transcription factor PU.1
Ras-mediated phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue enhances the transactivation activities of c-Ets1 and c-Ets2
The Ras oncogene products regulate the expression of genes in transformed cells, and members of the Ets family of transcription factors have been implicated in this process. To determine which Ets factors are the targets of Ras signaling pathways, the abilities of several Ets factors to activate Ras-responsive enhancer (RRE) reporters in the presence of oncogenic Ras were examined. In transient transfection assay, reporters containing RREs composed of Ets-AP-1 binding sites could be activated 30-fold in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and 80-fold in the macrophage-like line RAW264 by the combination of Ets1 or Ets2 and Ras but not by several other Ets factors that were tested in the assay. Ets2 and Ras also superactivated an RRE composed of Ets-Ets binding sites, but the Ets-responsive promoter of the c-fms gene was not superactivated. Mutation of a threonine residue to alanine in the conserved amino-terminal regions of Ets1 and Ets2 (threonine 38 and threonine 72, respectively) abrogated the ability of each of these proteins to superactivate reporter gene expression. Phosphoamino acid analysis of radiolabeled Ets2 revealed that Ras induced normally absent threonine-specific phosphorylation of the protein. The Ras-dependent increase in threonine phosphorylation was not observed in Ets2 proteins that had the conserved threonine 72 residue mutated to alanine or serine. These data indicate that Ets1 and Ets2 are specific nuclear targets of Ras signaling events and that phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue is a necessary molecular component of Ras-mediated activation of these transcription factors
Analytical Study of Diffusive Relativistic Shock Acceleration
Particle acceleration in relativistic shocks is studied analytically in the
test-particle, small-angle scattering limit, for an arbitrary velocity-angle
diffusion function D. Accurate analytic expressions for the spectral index s
are derived using few (2-6) low-order moments of the shock-frame angular
distribution. For isotropic diffusion, previous results are reproduced and
justified. For anisotropic diffusion, s is shown to be sensitive to D,
particularly downstream and at certain angles, and a wide range of s values is
attainable. The analysis, confirmed numerically, can be used to test
collisionless shock models and to observationally constrain D. For example,
strongly forward- or backward-enhanced diffusion downstream is ruled out by GRB
afterglow observations.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, PRL accepted, minor change
On the Interaction of the PKS B1358-113 Radio Galaxy with the Abell 1836 Cluster
[abridged] Here we present the analysis of multifrequency data gathered for
the FRII radio galaxy PKS B1358-113, hosted in the brightest cluster galaxy of
Abell 1836. The galaxy harbors one of the most massive black holes known to
date and our analysis of the optical data reveals that this black hole is only
weakly active. Based on new Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations and
archival radio data we derive the preferred range for the jet kinetic
luminosity erg s. This is above the values
implied by various scaling relations proposed for radio sources in galaxy
clusters, being instead very close to the maximum jet power allowed for the
given accretion rate. We constrain the radio source lifetime as
Myrs, and the total amount of deposited jet energy \,ergs. The detailed analysis of the X-ray data provides indication for
the presence of a bow-shock driven by the expanding radio lobes into the Abell
1836 cluster environment, with the corresponding Mach number . This,
together with the recently growing evidence that powerful FRII radio galaxies
may not be uncommon in the centers of clusters at higher redshifts, supports
the idea that jet-induced shock heating may indeed play an important role in
shaping the properties of clusters, galaxy groups, and galaxies in formation.
We speculate on a possible bias against detecting jet-driven shocks in poorer
environments, resulting from an inefficient electron heating at the shock
front, combined with a relatively long electron-ion equilibration timescale.Comment: Version accepted to Ap
Stochastic Acceleration in Relativistic Parallel Shocks
(abridged) We present results of test-particle simulations on both the first
and the second order Fermi acceleration at relativistic parallel shock waves.
We consider two scenarios for particle injection: (i) particles injected at the
shock front, then accelerated at the shock by the first order mechanism and
subsequently by the stochastic process in the downstream region; and (ii)
particles injected uniformly throughout the downstream region to the stochastic
process. We show that regardless of the injection scenario, depending on the
magnetic field strength, plasma composition, and the employed turbulence model,
the stochastic mechanism can have considerable effects on the particle spectrum
on temporal and spatial scales too short to be resolved in extragalactic jets.
Stochastic acceleration is shown to be able to produce spectra that are
significantly flatter than the limiting case of particle energy spectral index
-1 of the first order mechanism. Our study also reveals a possibility of
re-acceleration of the stochastically accelerated spectrum at the shock, as
particles at high energies become more and more mobile as their mean free path
increases with energy. Our findings suggest that the role of the second order
mechanism in the turbulent downstream of a relativistic shock with respect to
the first order mechanism at the shock front has been underestimated in the
past, and that the second order mechanism may have significant effects on the
form of the particle spectra and its evolution.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures (9 black/white and 2 color postscripts). To be
published in the ApJ (accepted 6 Nov 2004
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