L'application du droit penal islamique dans le Nord-Nigeria

Cet article etudie l'application du code penal islamique dans le Nord-Nigeria ainsi que les programmes de mise en oeuvre de la charia lances dans douze Etats du Nord en 1999-2000. Les nouvelles lois du Code penal islamique promulguees par les douze Etats pratiquant la charia sont detaillees pour exposer les anomalies constitutionnelles liees a leur application. Se distingue le fait que les sentences severes prononcees par les tribunaux de la charia ne sont pas executees, ce qui aboutit a une situation ou des personnes jugees coupables purgent des peines d' emprisonnement auxquelles elles n'ont pas ete condamnees. L'article examine les approches qui seront envisagees pour traiter ce probleme a moyen terme et le resoudre sur le long terme.Rule of Law and Development: Formation, Implementation and Improvement of Law and Governance in Developing Countrie

Albany: Using Component-based Design to Develop a Flexible, Generic Multiphysics Analysis Code

Abstract: Albany is a multiphysics code constructed by assembling a set of reusable, general components. It is an implicit, unstructured grid finite element code that hosts a set of advanced features that are readily combined within a single analysis run. Albany uses template-based generic programming methods to provide extensibility and flexibility; it employs a generic residual evaluation interface to support the easy addition and modification of physics. This interface is coupled to powerful automatic differentiation utilities that are used to implement efficient nonlinear solvers and preconditioners, and also to enable sensitivity analysis and embedded uncertainty quantification capabilities as part of the forward solve. The flexible application programming interfaces in Albany couple to two different adaptive mesh libraries; it internally employs generic integration machinery that supports tetrahedral, hexahedral, and hybrid meshes of user specified order. We present the overall design of Albany, and focus on the specifics of the integration of many of its advanced features. As Albany and the components that form it are openly available on the internet, it is our goal that the reader might find some of the design concepts useful in their own work. Albany results in a code that enables the rapid development of parallel, numerically efficient multiphysics software tools. In discussing the features and details of the integration of many of the components involved, we show the reader the wide variety of solution components that are available and what is possible when they are combined within a simulation capability. Key Words: partial differential equations, finite element analysis, template-based generic programmin

Sharia and National Law in Nigeria

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Papers

Papers concerning the number of institutions represented by the faculty of Utah Agricultural College

Janus’ Voice: Religious Leaders, Framing, and Riots in Kano

This article analyses the role of religious leaders in collective violence in Kano, the major urban centre in northern Nigeria. It compares two episodes of collective action in the city—the violent ‘Plateau riots’ in 2004 and the non-violent ‘cartoon protests’ in 2006—to explore the role of religious leaders in the variation in violence between the two events. The core argument is that the ways in which Islamic and Christian preachers framed the triggering events for these cases facilitated different forms of mobilisation and enemy identification in response. In 2004, the interpretation of violence in Plateau State through the ‘Christians-versus-Muslims’ frame allowed for mobilisation within Kano’s Christian and Muslim communities as well as for the identification of local Christians as enemies. In 2006, in contrast, the infamous Danish cartoons were actively framed as part of the global struggle between faithful Nigerians and nonreligious Westerners, facilitating non-violent mobilisation across Christian-Muslim boundaries. Thus, the divergent discursive strategies employed by religious leaders are likely to have contributed to violent escalation in 2004 and to peaceful mobilisation in 2006. At the same time, however, the article emphasises the interaction of discursive framing with other factors, such as the role of security forces and the inextricable connections between religious and political authorities in Kano. The article is based on mixed-methods data collected in Kano between 2006 and 2012, including perceptions survey data, semi-structured interviews, and newspaper articles.Global Challenges (FGGA