Development of estimates of dietary nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines for use with the short willet food frequency questionnaire

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Studies have suggested that nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines have an etiologic role in adverse pregnancy outcomes and chronic diseases such as cancer. Although an extensive body of literature exists on estimates of these compounds in foods, the extant data varies in quality, quantified estimates, and relevance.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We developed estimates of nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines for food items listed in the Short Willet Food Frequency Questionnaire (WFFQ) as adapted for use in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Multiple reference databases were searched for published literature reflecting nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine values in foods. Relevant published literature was reviewed; only publications reporting results for items listed on the WFFQ were selected for inclusion. The references selected were prioritized according to relevance to the U.S. population.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Based on our estimates, vegetable products contain the highest levels of nitrate, contributing as much as 189 mg/serving. Meat and bean products contain the highest levels of nitrites with values up to 1.84 mg/serving. Alcohol, meat and dairy products contain the highest values of nitrosamines with a maximum value of 0.531 μg/serving. The estimates of dietary nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosamines generated in this study are based on the published values currently available.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>To our knowledge, these are the only estimates specifically designed for use with the adapted WFFQ and generated to represent food items available to the U.S. population. The estimates provided may be useful in other research studies, specifically in those exploring the relation between exposure to these compounds in foods and adverse health outcomes.</p

The temples of Wang Yangming and local society of Gannan in Ming and Qing Dynasties

王阳明对明清赣南地方影响至深，集“文学事功”于一身，而王阳明祠庙则承载着其“文学事功”于一体。因此本文从区域社会史的视角出发，以明清赣南各府县的王阳明祠庙为切入点，考察在赣南地方社会、文化变动下阳明祠庙所表现出的形态，以期探讨阳明祠庙、阳明学派、赣南地方社会三者之间的互动关系，希望能从一个全新的视角来分析明清赣南地方社会变迁。全文主要从以下几个方面展开论述：第一，从地理生态环境、人文社会环境、王阳明在赣南的活动等方面分析环境与王阳明祠庙的关系。本文认为，阳明祠庙可分为两类，一为因平盗之功而祀，以南安府各县及赣州府较边缘的县为代表；一为因阳明学术而祀，以赣州府及地方文化较为发达的县为代表。第二，...Wang Yangming affected the local society of Gannan in Ming and Qing Dynasties deeply, gathering the “literature and military exploit” in the whole body, at the same time the temples of Wang Yangming loaded their “literature and military exploit” in the integral whole. Therefore the thesis is from the perspective of regional social history, regarded the temples of Wang Yangming of each County in Ga...学位：历史学硕士院系专业：人文学院历史学系_专门史学号：20020201