Late Holocene Logistical and Residential Settlement in Interior Santa Rosa Island, California: A Comparative Analysis of Four Rockshelter Sites

California’s northern Channel Islands (NCI) are recognized by archaeologists for the highly complex, maritime Indigenous cultures that inhabited the islands at the time of Spanish contact. On Santa Rosa Island (SRI), the second largest of the NCI, numerous coastal sites have been studied extensively with respect to the subsistence-settlement system, while the role of interior sites within those systems has received less attention. Throughout the late Holocene (3350 cal BP– Present) interior settlement included small encampments, in many cases for logistical forays to the interior for terrestrial resources. This was particularly the case with sites occupied during the late Middle Period (1300 – 800 BP) and Middle to Late Period Transition (MLT; 800 – 650 BP), which coincided with a period of severe and persistent droughts interspersed with wetter and more mild periods (the Medieval Climatic Anomaly, MCA, 1150–800 cal BP). In other cases, some small sites represent smaller residential bases, a pattern that becomes more prevalent after the time of Spanish contact (408 cal BP) when Indigenous populations had declined. In this thesis, I examine the faunal records from four interior rockshelter sites within the context of late Holocene settlement systems on SRI to investigate how environmental and cultural factors may have contributed to the choices people made regarding how and where to settle, specifically the severe droughts of the MCA and the social effects of Spanish contact. In this thesis, I test two primary hypotheses that were formulated from the perspective of the Diet Breadth and Central Place Foraging (CPF) models from Human Behavioral Ecology (HBE). To test each hypothesis, I use four lines of evidence: radiometric dating (radiocarbon), faunal analysis (primarily marine fauna), stable isotopic data from Mytilus californianus shell, and geospatial analysis (Euclidian distance and Hot Spot analysis). The first hypothesis is that during the late Middle Period and MLT, settlement was likely influenced by drought conditions of the MCA, in part reflecting seasonal, short-term occupation during dry periods. The second hypothesis is that after Spanish contact, interior settlement at rockshelters reflects a more substantial or permanent settlement system for small population groups. The results of faunal analysis revealed that differences in the diversity and density of the faunal assemblages distinguishes the sites from one another, with the late Middle Period/MLT sites having less diversity and density than the post-contact period sites. The late Middle Period/MLT sites are consistent with CPF while the post-contact period sites violate the expectations of the model, suggesting they are residential sites instead of special-purpose sites. The seasonality studies for the sites indicate that one of the sites pertaining to the late Middle Period/MLT was occupied during the summer drought months, while this pattern was not observed at post-contact period sites. Finally, the geospatial analysis suggests that the sites are more likely to be in “hot spots” of resilient water sources, as well as closer to water sources, than are randomized points. Understanding the purpose of settlement at these interior sites during the late Holocene is essential to a complete picture of how people made decisions regarding environmental and cultural events on SRI, which can be extended to understanding similar choices people face in Mediterranean environments generally

Exile Vol. XXXI No. 1

Drawing by Chris Bradley 1 How Goes the Wombat, Prithee by Jennie Benford 3 Holy Shit (for Mary) by Stephanie Athey 4-5 ..... blues by Britton R. Creelman 6 Photograph (anonymous) 7 Prose by Leigh Walton 9-12 San Jacinto by Petersen S. Thomas 13 Rebuttal by Betsy Oster 15 Running Alone by Ann Townsend McMullen 16 Windows in Florence by Michael Parr 17 Rangers by Caroline Palmer 19 Salamapo by Mary Deborah Clark 20-21 Funeral by J. K. Rand 22 Deeds Give No Title by Douglas Jones 23 Be Careful, There\u27s a Straight Bar Next Door by Karen J. Hall 25 The Rivers of Saigon by Alex Dickson 26 2 Sketches by Alfred Sturla Bodvarsson 27 Upon the Occasion of Reading 236 sonnets at One Sitting by Jeff Masten 28 I just believe in Me by Rob Jackson 29 Close by Stephanie Athey 31 Teller by Katherine Fox Reynolds 32 Woman in Greece by Michael Parr 33 Part of the Job by Joan DeWitt 35-44 Contributor Notes 46 Editorial decision is shared equally among the seven member editorial board. -title page Polymorphous: Cover Lithograph by Aimee Creelman - title pag

Unified Methods in Collecting, Preserving, and Archiving Coral Bleaching and Restoration Specimens to Increase Sample Utility and Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Coral reefs are declining worldwide primarily because of bleaching and subsequent mortality resulting from thermal stress. Currently, extensive efforts to engage in more holistic research and restoration endeavors have considerably expanded the techniques applied to examine coral samples. Despite such advances, coral bleaching and restoration studies are often conducted within a specific disciplinary focus, where specimens are collected, preserved, and archived in ways that are not always conducive to further downstream analyses by specialists in other disciplines. This approach may prevent the full utilization of unexpended specimens, leading to siloed research, duplicative efforts, unnecessary loss of additional corals to research endeavors, and overall increased costs. A recent US National Science Foundation-sponsored workshop set out to consolidate our collective knowledge across the disciplines of Omics, Physiology, and Microscopy and Imaging regarding the methods used for coral sample collection, preservation, and archiving. Here, we highlight knowledge gaps and propose some simple steps for collecting, preserving, and archiving coral-bleaching specimens that can increase the impact of individual coral bleaching and restoration studies, as well as foster additional analyses and future discoveries through collaboration. Rapid freezing of samples in liquid nitrogen or placing at −80 °C to −20 °C is optimal for most Omics and Physiology studies with a few exceptions; however, freezing samples removes the potential for many Microscopy and Imaging-based analyses due to the alteration of tissue integrity during freezing. For Microscopy and Imaging, samples are best stored in aldehydes. The use of sterile gloves and receptacles during collection supports the downstream analysis of host-associated bacterial and viral communities which are particularly germane to disease and restoration efforts. Across all disciplines, the use of aseptic techniques during collection, preservation, and archiving maximizes the research potential of coral specimens and allows for the greatest number of possible downstream analyses

Factors Associated with Refusal of Rapid HIV Testing in an Emergency Department

HIV screening studies in the emergency department (ED) have demonstrated rates of HIV test refusal ranging from 40–67%. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with refusal to undergo routine rapid HIV testing in an academic ED in Boston. HIV counselors offered routine testing to 1,959 patients; almost one-third of patients (29%) refused. Data from a self-administered survey were used to determine independent correlates of HIV testing refusal. In multivariate analysis, women and patients with annual household incomes of $50,000 or more were more likely to refuse testing, as were those who reported not engaging in HIV risk behaviors, those previously HIV tested and those who did not perceive a need for testing. Enrollment during morning hours was also associated with an increased risk of refusal. Increased educational efforts to convey the rationale and benefits of universal screening may improve testing uptake among these groups

Time-Lapse Analysis and Mathematical Characterization Elucidate Novel Mechanisms Underlying Muscle Morphogenesis

Skeletal muscle morphogenesis transforms short muscle precursor cells into long, multinucleate myotubes that anchor to tendons via the myotendinous junction (MTJ). In vertebrates, a great deal is known about muscle specification as well as how somitic cells, as a cohort, generate the early myotome. However, the cellular mechanisms that generate long muscle fibers from short cells and the molecular factors that limit elongation are unknown. We show that zebrafish fast muscle fiber morphogenesis consists of three discrete phases: short precursor cells, intercalation/elongation, and boundary capture/myotube formation. In the first phase, cells exhibit randomly directed protrusive activity. The second phase, intercalation/elongation, proceeds via a two-step process: protrusion extension and filling. This repetition of protrusion extension and filling continues until both the anterior and posterior ends of the muscle fiber reach the MTJ. Finally, both ends of the muscle fiber anchor to the MTJ (boundary capture) and undergo further morphogenetic changes as they adopt the stereotypical, cylindrical shape of myotubes. We find that the basement membrane protein laminin is required for efficient elongation, proper fiber orientation, and boundary capture. These early muscle defects in the absence of either lamininβ1 or lamininγ1 contrast with later dystrophic phenotypes in lamininα2 mutant embryos, indicating discrete roles for different laminin chains during early muscle development. Surprisingly, genetic mosaic analysis suggests that boundary capture is a cell-autonomous phenomenon. Taken together, our results define three phases of muscle fiber morphogenesis and show that the critical second phase of elongation proceeds by a repetitive process of protrusion extension and protrusion filling. Furthermore, we show that laminin is a novel and critical molecular cue mediating fiber orientation and limiting muscle cell length

Resection of the Liver for Colorectal Carcinoma Metastases A Multi-institutional Study of Long-term Survivors

In this review of a collected series of patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal metastases, 100 patients were found to have survived greater than five years from the time of resection. Of these 100 long-term survivors, 71 remain disease-free through the last follow-up, 19 recurred prior to five years, and ten recurred after five years. Patient characteristics that may have contributed to survival were examined. Procedures performed included five trisegmentectomies, 32 lobectomies, 16 left lateral segmentectomies, and 45 wedge resections. The margin of resection was recorded in 27 patients, one of whom had a positive margin, nine of whom had a less than or equal to l-cm margin, and 17 of whom had a greater than 1-cm margin. Eighty-one patients had a solitary metastasis to the liver, 11 patients had two metastases, one patient had three metastases, and four patients had four metastases. Thirty patients had Stage C primary carcinoma, 40 had Stage B primary carcinoma, and one had Stage A primary carcinoma. The disease-free interval from the time of colon resection to the time of liver resection was less than one year in 65 patients, and greater than one year in 34 patients. Three patients had bilobar metastases. Four of the patients had extrahepatic disease resected simultaneously with the liver resection. Though several contraindications to hepatic resection have been proposed in the past, five-year survival has been found in patients with extrahepatic disease resected simultaneously, patients with bilobar metastases, patients with multiple metastases, and patients with positive margins. Five-year disease-free survivors are also present in each of these subsets. It is concluded that five-year survival is possible in the presence of reported contraindications to resection, and therefore that the decision to resect the liver must be individualized

Butterfly lesion on MRI: Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis with unusual imaging in a patient with AIDS

Abstract In immunocompromised patients, including patients with AIDS, with neurologic complaints, we propose including Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis in the differential diagnoses when the butterfly pattern is encountered on MRI

Pen pheral-Type Benzod iazepi ne Receptors : Autoradiographic Localization in Whole-Body Sections of Neonatal Rats1

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