Impacts of the non-indigenous seaweed Rugulopteryx okamurae on a Mediterranean coralligenous community (Strait of Gibraltar): The role of long-term monitoring

The Mediterranean is one of the most biodiverse and anthropogenically impacted seas and the coralligenous is one of its most diverse habitats. Its presence is indicative of well-preserved areas and its associated species are considered among the best bioindicators for monitoring nearshore rocky habitats. This study aims to report the temporal fluctuations of the coralligenous community in the marine protected area of Jbel Moussa (Strait of Gibraltar) in a period concomitant with the rapid expansion of the non-indigenous species Rugulopteryx okamurae (E.Y.Dawson) I.K.Hwang, W.J.Lee & H.S.Kim in the area. From year 2015 to 2019, an area covering 36 m2 of the coralligenous habitat was monitored across three sites, including temperature logs from 2017 to 2019. After its first record in the area in 2017, R. okamurae became the most abundant species in only one year, followed by a change in the coralligenous community structure and a regression of the bioindicator species Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826) and Mesophyllum expansum (Philippi) Cabioch & M.L.Mendoza. These species are sensitive to increases in water temperature and were already under a gradual regression due to anthropogenic disturbances and previous biological invasions, all of which could have reduced niche competition in the area and favoured the impacts caused by R. okamurae in the area. Results highlight the need of a rapid administrative response to increase mitigation efforts on this protected habitat. Due the potential expansion of this non-indigenous invasive species to the Mediterranean Sea, the present study could provide valuable information for future monitoring, conservation and management actions.SPA/RAC–UN Environment/MAP MoU n◦ 60_SPA/RAC_201

Advances in the management and translocation methodology of the endangered mollusk Patella ferruginea in artificial habitats of port infrastructures: implications for its conservation

The limpet (Patella ferruginea), endemic to the western Mediterranean, is the most endangered intertidal mollusk listed in the Habitats Directive (EU). The translocation methodology of this species is a scientific challenge faced by those port infrastructures – where there are established breeding subpopulations - that may be subject to emergency works, restoration, or extension of breakwaters. This study presents the results of an innovative two-phase pilot project (P1A/B and P2), involving the legally authorized translocation of individuals of this species obtained in three relocation experiments in the Marina of Puerto José Banús (Málaga) in July 2021 (phase 1: P1A and B) and May 2022 (phase 2: P2) (study period: July 2021-October 2022). The specimens translocated in both phases were from the same port except for those of P1B, which came from the Marbella Marina as an exceptional case. These translocations were undertaken on concrete breakwater tetrapod units. We show that the somewhat forced, slow and unregulated extraction of specimens to be translocated during the first experiment of the P1A pilot project was the main cause of mortality, as it generated an important exhaustion of the fixation musculature, which resulted in a low survival (66%) after the first month of transfer, whereas during the same period of time. In the subsequent experiments (where the problem was methodologically corrected, a fast extraction technique -less than 5 seconds-, regulated and without injuries), in P1B was 100%, in P2 with cage was 93.3%, and, in P2 without cage it was 83.3%, which reflected an improvement in translocation methodology. The results of this research are compared according to the descriptors of success and failure of each protocol in order to observe the differences and thus enable their replicability

Artificial marine micro-reserves as a new ecosystem-based management tool for marine conservation: The case of Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda, Patellidae), one of the most endangered marine invertebrates of the Mediterranean

During the Anthropocene, species are becoming extinct at unprecedented rates, a trend that will be difficult to reverse, even if we ignore the possibility of a considerable extinction debt. Among the different factors that affect the natural environment, fragmentation of ecosystems by urbanization processes can cause a reduction in species population sizes, thus enhancing their risk of extinction. Nevertheless, some species can maintain stable populations in these urbanized ecosystems. This is the case of the intertidal mollusc Patella ferruginea (Gmelin, 1791), a broadcast spawner, and a sequential protandrous hermaphrodite limpet, whose populations have been historically decimated due to human harvesting. In this study, we analyse the benefits of a new marine conservation tool called ¨Artificial Marine Micro-Reserves¨ (AMMR) in P. ferruginea, one of the most endangered marine invertebrates of the Mediterranean Sea. The results showed that accessibility is the main factor concerning the conservation status of this species, with no-entry areas where populations achieve balanced sex-ratios and high reproductive outputs. The present study was conducted in Ceuta (North Africa, Gibraltar Area), and among its varying results, it shows that in the same body of water inside the port, the proportion of females of P. ferruginea in the area without accessibility (high protection) was 4.68 and 43.54 times higher than in the medium and low accessibility (non-protected areas), respectively. Therefore, the effective protection of these artificial areas has a positive effect on population size structures, as the female's percentage in the population is crucial for fostering the creation of genetic bridges for the recolonization of natural habitats. Furthermore, a potential ‘umbrella effect’ can be derived from the implementation of the proposed AMMR in other protected species, bioindicators, or commercially exploited species detected in artificial structures. In this sense, the creation of artificial marine microreserve networks (AMMRNs) in coastal defense structures is in line with the interdisciplinary approach of Ecosystem-Based Management (EMB), given that this methodology balances ecological, social and governmental principles for achieving humane sustainable development

Rugulopteryx okamurae (E.Y. Dawson) I.K. hwang, W. J. Lee & H.S. Kim (Dictyotales, ochrophyta), alga exótica “explosiva” en el estrecho de Gibraltar. Observaciones preliminares de su distribución e impacto

Durante los últimos dos años, el alga exótica Rugulopteryx okamurae se ha expandido de forma muy agresiva sobre fondos rocosos iluminados del submareal en zonas del estrecho de Gibraltar, produciendo graves impactos sobre las comunidades bentónicas preestablecidas, la acumulación de miles de toneladas de algas de arribazón y problemas de enganches en redes de pescadores. En el presente estudio se describe la morfología y ciclo de vida de esta especie con el fin de facilitar su identificación in-situ, así como características ecológicas –tales como su euritermia o la alta concentración de compuestos alelopáticos en sus tejidos- que podrían explicar su comportamiento expansivo. Actualmente, la distribución de esta especie se encuentra restringida al enclave geográfico del Estrecho, lo cual no ha parecido limitar su comportamiento invasor y superioridad competitiva frente a la biota local. Adicionalmente, la acumulación y descomposición de biomasa en el intermareal y zonas someras podría estar causando impactos indirectos sobre los ecosistemas costeros. Aunque de momento Rugulopteryx okamurae no es considerada formalmente como especie invasora, los resultados provisionales expuestos en este trabajo la postulan como tal.Exotic species Rugulopteryx okamurae has expanded massively on subtidal illuminated marine hard-bottoms within the strait of Gibraltar in the past two years, producing serious impacts over the benthic communities previously established, accumulation of hundreds of tons of seaweed in nearby beaches and wrack zones and hooks on fishing nets. In this study, morphology and lifecycle of this species is described in order to facilitate in-situ identification. Also, ecological characteristics as its euthermia and allelopathy - which may be highly responsible of its invasive behaviour within the Strait and high competitiveness over other native and invasive species - and epibiosis are described. Actually, this species distribution is restricted to the limits of the Strait, which has not limited its invasive behaviour within this area, due to its competitive superiority against local biota. In addition, the accumulation and decomposition of detached biomass nearshore may be causing indirect impacts on coastal ecosystems. Despite Rugulopteryx okamurae is not yet considered as an invasive species, provisional results formally postulate it as such

Table_1_Advances in the management and translocation methodology of the endangered mollusk Patella ferruginea in artificial habitats of port infrastructures: implications for its conservation.docx

The limpet (Patella ferruginea), endemic to the western Mediterranean, is the most endangered intertidal mollusk listed in the Habitats Directive (EU). The translocation methodology of this species is a scientific challenge faced by those port infrastructures – where there are established breeding subpopulations - that may be subject to emergency works, restoration, or extension of breakwaters. This study presents the results of an innovative two-phase pilot project (P1A/B and P2), involving the legally authorized translocation of individuals of this species obtained in three relocation experiments in the Marina of Puerto José Banús (Málaga) in July 2021 (phase 1: P1A and B) and May 2022 (phase 2: P2) (study period: July 2021-October 2022). The specimens translocated in both phases were from the same port except for those of P1B, which came from the Marbella Marina as an exceptional case. These translocations were undertaken on concrete breakwater tetrapod units. We show that the somewhat forced, slow and unregulated extraction of specimens to be translocated during the first experiment of the P1A pilot project was the main cause of mortality, as it generated an important exhaustion of the fixation musculature, which resulted in a low survival (66%) after the first month of transfer, whereas during the same period of time. In the subsequent experiments (where the problem was methodologically corrected, a fast extraction technique -less than 5 seconds-, regulated and without injuries), in P1B was 100%, in P2 with cage was 93.3%, and, in P2 without cage it was 83.3%, which reflected an improvement in translocation methodology. The results of this research are compared according to the descriptors of success and failure of each protocol in order to observe the differences and thus enable their replicability.</p