Evaluation of residuality of pesticides in fruit and contamination by metals in soil and pulp of different production systems of passion fruit

ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas, tablasLa gulupa es la tercera fruta tropical de mayor exportación en Colombia, su principal destino la UE, presenta normas de inocuidad estrictas en los LMR de plaguicidas y contenidos de metales. Dada la importancia que tiene la gulupa para el renglón productivo de Colombia, este estudio buscó identificar si el tipo de sistema productivo se relacionaba con la residualidad de plaguicidas y el contenido de metales en el suelo y fruto. Para esto se realizaron visitas y encuestas a 35 productores de gulupa. Los cuales se agruparon a partir de un análisis FAMD. De los grupos más contrastantes se tomaron 10 muestras de fruta para análisis de plaguicidas y 12 de fruta y suelo para análisis de metales tóxicos. Se identificaron tres sistemas productivos: tecnificados de grandes productores en el Suroeste, convencional de pequeños productores en el Oriente y en transición de medianos productores en ambas regiones. El 20% de las muestras no presentaron residuos de plaguicidas, el 50% contenía residuos que sobrepasaba el LMR. El Azoxystrobin y tebuconazole, fueron las sustancias identificadas con mayor frecuencia. El sistema convencional cuya asistencia técnica era recibida por casas comerciales de agroquímicos, se caracterizó por el uso de plaguicidas con mayor nivel de peligrosidad y mayores conflictos con el cumplimiento de los LMR. Se identificaron diferencias significativas mediante un ANOVA de dos vías entre el contenido de metales en suelo y el material litológico. Los suelos de origen aluvial presentaron mayores niveles de Cu, Cr y Cd con respecto a suelos ígneos. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas: pH, materia orgánica y capacidad de intercambio catiónico, no se correlacionaron con mayores contenidos de metales en la fruta. El tipo de sistema productivo se relacionó con altos niveles de residualidad de plaguicidas en fruta, pero no con el contenido de metales. Para futuros estudios se sugiere incrementar los puntos de muestreo. (Texto tomado de la fuente)The passion fruit is the third most exported tropical fruit in Colombia, its main destination in the EU, has strict safety standards in pesticide MRLs and metal content. Given the importance of gulupa for the productive line of Colombia, this study sought to identify if the type of productive system was related to the residuality of pesticides and the content of metals in the soil and fruit. For this, visits and surveys were conducted with 35 gulupa producers. Which were grouped from a FAMD analysis. From the most contrasting groups, 10 fruit samples were taken for pesticide analysis and 12 for fruit and soil for toxic metal analysis. Three productive systems were identified: technified from large producers in the Southwest, conventional from small producers in the East and in transition from medium producers in both regions. 20% of the samples did not present pesticide residues, 50% contained residues that exceeded the MRL. Azoxystrobin and tebuconazole were the most frequently identified substances. The conventional system whose technical assistance was received by commercial houses of agrochemicals, was characterized by the use of pesticides with a higher level of danger and greater conflicts with compliance with the MRLs. Significant differences were identified by a two-way ANOVA between the content of metals in soil and the lithological material. The soils of alluvial origin had higher levels of Cu, Cr and Cd with respect to igneous soils. The physicochemical properties: pH, organic matter and cation exchange capacity, were not correlated with higher metal content in the fruit. The type of production system was related to high levels of pesticide residuality in fruit, but not to the metal content. For future studies it is suggested to increase the sampling points.MaestríaMagister en Medio Ambiente y DesarrolloContaminación ambientalÁrea Curricular de Medio Ambient

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN