Sources of academic stress among Iranian adolescents: a multilevel study from Qazvin City, Iran

Background: Academic stress can cause mental and physical problems and affect adolescents’ healthy development. This study aimed to estimate academic stress and explore its sources at the individual- and school levels among school-going adolescents in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results: This cross-sectional study used a stratified cluster sampling to recruit 1724 students aged 12–19 years from 53 schools in Qazvin City. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The mean academic stress score was 45.7 (95% CI 45.2, 46.3). The stress level was statistically higher among older 47.5 (95% CI 46.7, 48.3) than younger 44.1 (95% CI 43.4, 44.9) adolescents. The main academic stressors included: future uncertainty 69.7 (95% CI 68.8, 70.7), academic competition 58.5 (95% CI 57.3, 59.6), and interaction with teachers 56.1 (95% CI 55.3, 56.9). Gender, educational period, school type, family socioeconomic status, and father’s education were associated with academic stress. Conclusions: We conducted a multilevel study using a random sample of male and female students in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results indicated moderate levels of stress among Iranian adolescents. The academic stress was associated with several individual and school-level variables. Students and their families and teachers need education on stress prevention methods and coping mechanisms. Future research should focus on developing and testing multilevel policies and interventions to improve students’ mental health and academic performance. Keywords: Academic stress, Adolescence, Students, Multilevel analysis, Ira

Sources of academic stress among Iranian adolescents: a multilevel study from Qazvin City, Iran

Background: Academic stress can cause mental and physical problems and affect adolescents’ healthy development. This study aimed to estimate academic stress and explore its sources at the individual- and school levels among school-going adolescents in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results: This cross-sectional study used a stratified cluster sampling to recruit 1724 students aged 12–19 years from 53 schools in Qazvin City. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The mean academic stress score was 45.7 (95% CI 45.2, 46.3). The stress level was statistically higher among older 47.5 (95% CI 46.7, 48.3) than younger 44.1 (95% CI 43.4, 44.9) adolescents. The main academic stressors included: future uncertainty 69.7 (95% CI 68.8, 70.7), academic competition 58.5 (95% CI 57.3, 59.6), and interaction with teachers 56.1 (95% CI 55.3, 56.9). Gender, educational period, school type, family socioeconomic status, and father’s education were associated with academic stress. Conclusions: We conducted a multilevel study using a random sample of male and female students in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results indicated moderate levels of stress among Iranian adolescents. The academic stress was associated with several individual and school-level variables. Students and their families and teachers need education on stress prevention methods and coping mechanisms. Future research should focus on developing and testing multilevel policies and interventions to improve students’ mental health and academic performance. Keywords: Academic stress, Adolescence, Students, Multilevel analysis, Ira

Comparison of propagation efficiency of sobaity (Sparidentex hasta) fish rearing with fish capture from the sea in circular spawning tank

This project was conducted in imam Khomeini mariculture research state from October 2010 to June 2013 to compare reproductive performance between wild and domesticated Sobaity seabream broodstocks. In 3 years wild broodstocks did not spawn in 5 and 10 fiberglass and concrete tanks but domesticated broodstocks spontaneously spawned from February to March. In the first year domesticated broodstock in ratio of 3 females to 6 males allotted in 10 mt concrete tanks in triplicate. the about 2776000 eggs produced from 9 females and 18 males but further heavy mortality occurred because of winter shock syndrome and suppression of immunity system. Mean temperature, salinity and PH in incubation period was 16.5˚C (range between16-18˚C), 45ppt, 8.5 respectively. Mean floating eggs and hatch percent was 15.5% and 8.9% and about 19000 larvae produced. In the second year domesticated broodstock in ratio of 9 females to 23 males allotted in 5 mt fiberglass tanks in triplicate .about 17540000 eggs acquired from 27 female and 69 male broodstocks. Mean temperature, salinity and PH in culture period was 24.8 ˚C(range between20-28.3˚C), 47.5 ppt, 8.4 respectively. Mean floating eggs and hatch percent was 58.94% and 84% and about 8640000 larvae produced and stocking density was 10-30 larvae per liter. After 61 days mean production and survival were 503.3 (range between 140-1220) larvae per cubic meter and 5.3% (range between 0.47–12.2 %) respectively. Final mean weight of fry was 2.6 gr. In the third year domesticated broodstock in ratio of 3 females to 6 males allotted in 5 mt fiberglass tanks in triplicate. about 6570000 eggs acquired from 9 female and 18 male brood stocks. Mean temperature, salinity and pH in culture period was 23.9˚C(range between 19.5-28.4˚C), 45, 7.6 respectively. Mean floating eggs and hatch percent was 54.7% and 81.6% and about 2889800 larvae produced and stocking density was 10-30 larvae per liter. At the end of 87 and 89 days of husbandry the mean production and survival were 359 (range from 300 to 397) larvae per cubic meter and 2.7% (range between 1.32–3.8 %) respectively. Final mean weight of fry was 3.5 gram and Larvaeculture in the last 2 years carried out in 5 cubic meters fiberglass tanks. It seems to domesticated broodstocks because of spontaneous spawning, long spawning period, more brood stocks and possibility of reusing them in the next year are very economical for propagation than wild broodstocks

Effects of feeding rate on growth and feed efficiency of Sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta) fry in nursery phase

A 30-day research was conducted to evaluate the effects of different feeding rate (formulated diet) (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% of wet body weight/day) and also fresh food (20% of wet body weight/day) on growth performance and feed utilization of Sparidentex hasta fry in nursery phase. Growth performance including final weight and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased with increasing feeding rate (p<0.05). The relationship between SGR (% per day) and ration level (% per day) was an asymptotic curve described as SGR = 0.2809X+1.4191. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) decreased significantly with increasing ration levels, and the relationship between FER and ration level (% per day) described as FER =-0.0586X+1.3184. Hepatosomatic index significantly increased with increasing feeding rate (p<0.05). Based on the above results, it may be concluded that a ration size of 8% of body weight per day is optimal for good growth and feed conversion efficiency of juvenile S. hasta in nursery phase

Feasibility on cage culture of the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

The present study was carried out to evaluate the possibility of rearing the orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides) juvenile to marketable size in buoyant cages in Khuzestan province coast waters. Juvenile fishes for the study prepared from Bandar-e-Imam Marine Fish Station and reared them in 5-ton fiber glass tank for one year period using common pellet feed and trash fish to reach 50 g mean weight. Young fishes were stocked in 6 rectangular cages (3×3×3 m) to assess their growth performance with two test feeds i.e. pellet feed and trash fish (3 cages for each treatment) with the density of 30 fish /m^3 (810 fish/cage) for 143 days rearing period (started on July). Better growth with significant difference (p0.05). Results also showed that the FCR for the trash fish was acceptable, and hence it is recommended to consider the trash fish price and its labour cost befor using it as the main diet in cage culture activity

Registry-based outcome assessment in haemophilia : a scoping study to explore the available evidence

Haemophilia is a congenital disorder with bleeding episodes as its primary symptom. These episodes can result in negative outcomes including joint damage, loss of active days due to hospitalization and reduced quality of life. Effective treatment, however, can improve the outcome. Registries have been used as a valuable source of information regarding the monitoring of treatment and outcome. The two main aims of this exploratory study were to establish which haemophilia registries publish peer-reviewed outcome assessment research and then to extract, classify and report the treatment outcomes and their extent of use in the retrieved registries. Using relevant keywords, we searched PubMed and Web of Science databases for publications during the period 1990-2015. Retrieved references were screened in a stepwise process. Eligible papers were original full articles on haemophilia outcomes that used data from a computerized patient database. Descriptive results were summarized. Of 2352 references reviewed, 25 full texts were eligible for inclusion in the study. These papers were published by 11 registries ranging from local to international in coverage. It is still relatively rare for registries to produce peer-reviewed publications about outcomes, and most that currently do produce such papers are located in Europe and North America. More information is available on traditional outcomes such as comorbidities and arthropathy than on health-related quality of life or the social and developmental impact of haemophilia on patients. Inhibitors, HIV and viral hepatitis are amongst the most commonly reported comorbidities. Research has focused more on factor consumption and less on hospitalization or time lost at school or work due to haemophilia. Haemophilia registries, especially those at the national level, are valuable resources for the delivery of effective health care to patients. Validated outcome measurement instruments are essential for the production of reliable and accurate evidence. Finally, such evidence should be communicated to physicians, patients, the public and health policymakers

Surgery and survival in birth cohorts with severe haemophilia and differences in access to replacement therapy : The Malmö experience

Background: Persons with severe haemophilia require lifelong replacement therapy, prophylaxis, to prevent bleeding. Data describing long-term outcomes of prophylactic treatment are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate joint surgery and survival among persons with severe haemophilia with special attention to access to prophylaxis in the early years of life. Methods: Eligible participants had severe haemophilia A or B and were treated at the Malmö centre from the 1960s onward. Time from birth until joint surgery was analysed for participants negative for factor inhibitor and alive in 2000. We compared survival among the entire cohort with severe haemophilia treated at the Malmö centre with the general male population of Sweden and a sample of persons with severe haemophilia from the United Kingdom (UK). Results: Overall, 167 participants were included, 106 (63.5%) of whom had complete data on joint surgery. Among those born before 1970, 1970-1979 and ≥1980 approximately 37%, 21% and 0% had their first joint surgery by age 30, respectively. There were no second joint surgeries reported in cohorts born ≥1970. Persons with severe haemophilia and negative for HIV treated in Malmö have attained approximately similar survival to that of the general male population in Sweden and live slightly longer than persons with severe haemophilia from the UK. Discussion and conclusion: Prophylaxis in Sweden, although costly, has markedly improved survival and joint outcomes for persons with severe haemophilia. This study highlights the importance of early start of replacement therapy to prevent or postpone serious joint damage

Sources of academic stress among Iranian adolescents: a multilevel study from Qazvin City, Iran

Abstract Background Academic stress can cause mental and physical problems and affect adolescents’ healthy development. This study aimed to estimate academic stress and explore its sources at the individual- and school levels among school-going adolescents in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results This cross-sectional study used a stratified cluster sampling to recruit 1724 students aged 12–19 years from 53 schools in Qazvin City. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The mean academic stress score was 45.7 (95% CI 45.2, 46.3). The stress level was statistically higher among older 47.5 (95% CI 46.7, 48.3) than younger 44.1 (95% CI 43.4, 44.9) adolescents. The main academic stressors included: future uncertainty 69.7 (95% CI 68.8, 70.7), academic competition 58.5 (95% CI 57.3, 59.6), and interaction with teachers 56.1 (95% CI 55.3, 56.9). Gender, educational period, school type, family socioeconomic status, and father’s education were associated with academic stress. Conclusions We conducted a multilevel study using a random sample of male and female students in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results indicated moderate levels of stress among Iranian adolescents. The academic stress was associated with several individual and school-level variables. Students and their families and teachers need education on stress prevention methods and coping mechanisms. Future research should focus on developing and testing multilevel policies and interventions to improve students’ mental health and academic performance.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/174076/1/43054_2021_Article_54.pd

Comparative burden of arthropathy in mild haemophilia : a register-based study in Sweden

INTRODUCTION: Mild haemophilia is a congenital bleeding disorder affecting males. The burden of arthropathy in mild haemophilia has not been comprehensively described.AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the incidence, age at diagnosis and surgery for arthropathy and related hospitalizations between people with mild haemophilia and the general population in Sweden.METHODS: This was a register-based cohort study. Eligible participants were those with mild haemophilia born between 1941 and 2008 and a randomly selected, birthdate and sex-matched comparison group from the general population. Follow-up was from birth (or earliest 1984) until death, emigration or end of the study in 2008. Data on arthropathy were obtained from a national patient register. Negative binomial and competing risk regression and Kaplan-Meier estimate curves were used in the analysis.RESULTS: Overall, 315 people with haemophilia and 1529 people in the comparison group were included. Participants with haemophilia born between 1984 and 2008 had a ninefold (95% CI: 3.3-27.2) and 16-fold (95% CI: 6.7-36.5) increased incidence of arthropathy-related hospital admission and arthropathy diagnosis respectively. None in this cohort underwent surgery. Among participants with haemophilia born prior to 1984, the rates of arthropathy diagnosis and surgery of the index joints (knee, elbow, ankle) were increased twofold (95% CI: 1.0-3.2) and fivefold (95% CI: 1.7-17.8) respectively.CONCLUSION: Our data suggested a higher burden of arthropathy among individuals with mild haemophilia compared to the general population. Further research should investigate the need for targeted joint screening programmes among individuals with mild haemophilia

Joint comorbidities among Swedish carriers of haemophilia : A register-based cohort study over 22 years

Background: A significant fraction of women with an impaired factor VIII or IX gene in the X chromosome, carriers of haemophilia, will have clotting factor activities corresponding to those seen in males with non-severe haemophilia, hence, experience an increased bleeding tendency. Data describing the long-term joint outcomes among carriers are limited. We compared the age at onset, frequency of joint-related diagnoses as well as joint surgery and related hospitalizations among carriers of haemophilia with sex- and birthdate-matched controls from the general population. Methods: Carriers of haemophilia born 1941-2008 were identified through the haemophilia treatment centres' (HTCs) databases and the National Patient Register of Sweden. For each carrier, we included up to five individuals using the Swedish population register as comparisons. Data for the period 1987-2008 were obtained. Results: Among 539 potential carriers identified, 213 had a known factor activity. Carriers with reduced factor activity and those with unknown factor activity had received their first joint-related diagnosis at a significantly earlier age than their comparisons. The same subgroups showed an overall 2.3- and 2.4-fold higher hazard for joint-related diagnoses compared with the general population. In addition, the hazards of joint-related outpatient hospitalization were 3.2-fold (95% CI: 1.2, 9.1) and 2.5-fold (95% CI: 1.6, 3.7). This was not observed for those with normal factor activity. Conclusion: Carriers of haemophilia suffer a significant risk for joint comorbidities. This risk seems to correlate to the factor activity. Our findings underline the importance of regular clinical follow-up of carriers at HTCs