Mean reciprocal ELISA titres and fold differences of Indian and Sudanese VL patients by age, sex and antigen source.

<p>Mean reciprocal ELISA titres and fold differences of Indian and Sudanese VL patients by age, sex and antigen source.</p

IgG anti-<i>Leishmania</i> responses are higher in Indian VL regardless of age, sex or antigen source.

<p>The mean IgG responses and 95% CI are shown for Indian (purple and orange lines) and Sudanese (blue and green lines) active VL patients against lysates of <i>L. donovani</i> strains isolated from Sudan [A & C] or India [B & D]. Comparative mean 1/log₁₀t₅₀ IgG titres and fold-differences are given in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002675#pntd-0002675-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Indian and Sudanese plasma study populations used in comparative serology against <i>Leishmania donovani</i> antigens.

<p>Indian and Sudanese plasma study populations used in comparative serology against <i>Leishmania donovani</i> antigens.</p

IgG anti-<i>Leishmania</i> responses are higher in Indian than Sudanese VL patients.

<p>The mean IgG responses are shown with 95% CI, for 36 Indian (purple line with nodes) and 36 Sudanese (green line) patients with active VL, against lysates of <i>L. donovani</i> strains isolated from [A] India or [B] Sudan. Comparative mean 1/log₁₀t₅₀ IgG titres and fold-differences are shown in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002675#pntd-0002675-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Statistical p values of <0.0001 were obtained for both the Indian and Sudanese antigens.</p

Specific IgG1 ELISA levels were high in active and relapsed VL but negative or substantially decreased in cured VL using unpaired serum samples.

<p>[A] Indian VL pilot study (Trial 1). [B] Indian VL expanded study (Trial 2). [C] Sudanese VL. Mean and 95% CI are shown for each data set (solid black lines); note the different Y axis scales. In each study set, the means plus three standard deviations obtained using DAT-seronegative endemic healthy control (EHC) samples was used to calculate the cut-off value (dotted line) and p values of<0.05 were considered significant.</p

Single (unpaired) samples used in IgG subclass comparisons, and clinical status of the Indian and Sudanese patient groups.

<p>EHC = endemic healthy control; PKDL = post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.</p>a<p>treated, not in recent past, but time of treatment unknown.</p><p>Single (unpaired) samples used in IgG subclass comparisons, and clinical status of the Indian and Sudanese patient groups.</p

RDT IgG1 prototypes show the ability to distinguish relapsed VL from cured VL.

<p>C = migration control line; T = test line. Black dots indicate places where samples should be deposited: 2 µl serum in front of upper dot for prototype 1 or single dot in prototype 2, and 2 µl of buffer in front of lower dot in prototype 1.</p

Summary of results from IgG1 rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) prototypes.

a<p>Therapy: sodium antimony gluconate n = 8; miltefosine n = 10; amphotericin B n = 3; combination therapy n = 2.</p>b<p>22 of these samples were also used with prototype 1.</p>c<p>these samples were also negative with prototype 1.</p>d<p>these 5 samples were also used with prototype 1.</p>e<p>malaria n = 3; hepatitis n = 1; TB n = 2; dengue n = 1.</p><p>Summary of results from IgG1 rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) prototypes.</p

IgG subclass serology in VL and PKDL: Published studies.

<p>IgG subclass serology in VL and PKDL: Published studies.</p