Effectiveness of glass as a substitute for cement and fine aggregate in concrete mix

Construction field is a field that is wider than the other fields. The construction is becoming increasingly rapidly to meet the growing population. In the field of construction, concrete is an essential element to construct a building. Production of concrete leads to a reduction in natural resources as materials used in producing a concrete. For example of fine aggregate and cement. Furthermore, this problem gets attention from some parties in finding an alternative to reduce waste and maintained the natural resources to produce concrete using waste materials. Therefore, waste materials will be used in the concrete mix to reduce landfill and can reduce residual waste. Glass has high potential to be replaced as a cement-pozzolan [1]. Glass can be used in concrete as three kinds of elements include coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and powder. Thus, the aim of this project is to replace glass as the replacement of cement and fine aggregate in concrete. In significant of this study, the issues regarding environmental can be reduced. Moreover, recycling waste will help to conserve the earth's natural resources, reduce landfill space and save energy and money [2]. Thus, this study will give an advantage to the various parties, particularly in the field of construction

Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams containing glass wastes as partial replacement of fine aggregate and cement

New product development of concrete materials give advantages in terms of cost and wastage of materials. Thus, one effective way is to use disposable materials such as waste glass in concrete to minimize the use of raw materials. In the present study, the use of waste glass was conducted to determine its suitability as a material replacement in the making concrete

Potential of using palm oil fuel ash and expanded polystyrene as an alternative concrete substance

Recently, the use of recyclable materials as concrete materials has become increasingly popular. Many researchers have interested on the use of different materials such as fibre, pozzolanic materials, plastic, polystyrene, food waste and so on for the replacement of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, as well as sand. This is because the disposal of industrial waste and non-biodegradable materials such as plastic or polystyrene has increased drastically in recent years, thereby causing many problems to the environment. In addition, the palm oil industry has also been contributing to the increasing amount of industrial waste. Previous studies have identified the potential of palm oil fly ash (POFA) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) as concrete substances. The purpose of this study was to determine the compressive strength, density and thermal conductivity of concrete made using partial percentages of POFA and EPS as cement and fine aggregate replacement, respectively. The proportions of POFA used as a cement replacement were 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. Meanwhile, the proportions of EPS used as fine aggregate replacement were 10%, 20% and 30% by volume. The mechanical properties between concrete containing POFA and EPS and that of normal concrete were compared. The concrete samples were designed to achieve the target strength of 25 MPa at the age of 28 days. Through this study, the higher proportions of POFA and EPS used showed the lower compressive strength and density of concrete. The optimum percentages for cement and fine aggregate replacement were determined as 20% of EPS and 20% of POFA, respectively. The concrete compressive strength containing 20% of EPS and 20% of POFA closely achieved the strength of 20 MPa which is the highest compressive strength at 28 days compared to other percentages of replacement and fulfilled the requirements strength of structural concrete. Through this study also, showed the decrease in thermal conductivity was mainly contributed by the volume of EPS used. The lower thermal conductivity occurred due to EPS particles characteristic which is lower thermal capacity

Potential of Using Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Expanded Polystyrene as an alternative Concrete Substance

Recently, the use of recyclable materials as concrete materials has become increasingly popular. Many researchers have interested on the use of different materials such as fibre, pozzolanic materials, plastic, polystyrene, food waste and so on for the replacement of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, as well as sand. This is because the disposal of industrial waste and non-biodegradable materials such as plastic or polystyrene has increased drastically in recent years, thereby causing many problems to the environment. In addition, the palm oil industry has also been contributing to the increasing amount of industrial waste. Previous studies have identified the potential of palm oil fly ash (POFA) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) as concrete substances. The purpose of this study was to determine the compressive strength, density and thermal conductivity of concrete made using partial percentages of POFA and EPS as cement and fine aggregate replacement, respectively. The proportions of POFA used as a cement replacement were 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. Meanwhile, the proportions of EPS used as fine aggregate replacement were 10%, 20% and 30% by volume. The mechanical properties between concrete containing POFA and EPS and that of normal concrete were compared. The concrete samples were designed to achieve the target strength of 25 MPa at the age of 28 days. Through this study, the higher proportions of POFA and EPS used showed the lower compressive strength and density of concrete. The optimum percentages for cement and fine aggregate replacement were determined as 20% of EPS and 20% of POFA, respectively. The concrete compressive strength containing 20% of EPS and 20% of POFA closely achieved the strength of 20 MPa which is the highest compressive strength at 28 days compared to other percentages of replacement and fulfilled the requirements strength of structural concrete. Through this study also, showed the decrease in thermal conductivity was mainly contributed by the volume of EPS used. The lower thermal conductivity occurred due to EPS particles characteristic which is lower thermal capacity

The use of cement leftovers from the hollow of spun piles as an additive in self-compacting concrete

Spun piles have been used widely by developing countries, including Malaysia, to construct the foundation of most construction projects. A spun pile is a reinforced precast and prestressed concrete that is compacted in a mould through spinning compaction. The spinning compaction produces cement leftovers in the hollow part of spun piles that can be added to concrete mixtures as an additive. The cement leftovers of spun piles were used as an additive in cement in range of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% (equal percentages). The resulting compressive strength after curing periods of 7 days and 28 days were presented to investigate the properties of self-compacting concrete containing cement leftovers from the spun piles. Other properties investigated include the physical properties of fresh concrete and water absorption. The results indicated that higher compressive strength and lower water absorption were achieved by the concrete samples containing cement leftovers compared to controlled concrete

Technology of crack detection in reinforced concrete structures

Some crucial signs of structural failure that are critical for repair would be cracks on the structures as well as constant exposure that can result in severe environmental damage. Being able to detect cracks on structures is becoming an essential aspect of the technology of the construction industry. Destructive Testing and Non-Destructive Testing are the two methods used for structural crack detection. This study focused on the techniques used to detect cracks. Several effective methods to detect cracks were carried out and compared to identify the most suitable method in detecting cracks on structures within the demographics of Malaysia. Image processing techniques (IPTs) through the photogrammetry method, surface crack analysis program and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) were carried out to examine crack detection through measurement and monitoring from images. The distance was determined in this study for the physical properties, using both conductibility and accuracy. The photogrammetry method was able to conduct distance at 0.1 - 40 m, with an accuracy of up to 0.005 mm. Therefore, the surface cracks analysis provided 0.10 mm accuracy, while results on CNN had an accuracy of 0.95 mm (98.22 % and 97.95 % in training and validation). Results from physical properties showed that photogrammetry had the highest accuracy, while CNN has the least accuracy. Hence, this study concluded that Photogrammetry method and Convolution Neural Network (CNN) were both the most effective methods to be used in providing clear information and effective ways to detect crack on structures

Mechanical properties of concrete containing palm oil fuel ash and modified expanded polystyrene beads as replacement materials using finite element method

Nowadays, so much waste material was dumped and produced by the industrial sector. In this research, the Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Modified Expanded Polystyrene beads (EPS) were used as replacement material. The purpose of this research was to focus on replacement of the modified expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) as a fine aggregate and the palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as a cement in term of mechanical properties of concrete. For Modified EPS will replace with aggregate from 10.0 % and 20.0 % While, for POFA will replace with cement from 10.0 %, 20.0 % and 30.0 %. The data of the material replacement for POFA and Modified EPS will be taken from previous study. Furthermore, the concrete cubes will be analyzed using software called ABAQUS. ABAQUS software is used because this software can measure the concrete cubes in such detail. This test will be performed on a cube that has reached the age of 28 days by following the previous experimental results. In addition, the software can also validate the work for the stress and strain of the graph by analyzing the concrete cubes. Information on Modified EPS and POFA can be filled in this software. Furthermore, it can also analyze mechanical properties of concrete that containing. Modified EPS and POFA. Indirectly, this will help compare the strength of concrete cube that containing of Modified EPS and POFA

The study on used of tropical wood sawdust as a replacement fine aggregates in concrete mix

The amount of wastage produced in the construction industry is increases. The revolution making alterations to conventional concrete had been introduced. Industrial wastage such as fly ash, sawdust, and sludge are often used to replace material in the concrete mix, by that, the value of sustainability increase. Reusing waste materials can reduce renewable and non-renewable resources such as sand and water. This study emphasis the mechanical properties of the lightweight concrete regarding the replacement of material, sawdust into the concrete mix by 0% (control sample), 10%, 20% and 40% for grade 30 N/mm2. The objectives for this study are to determine the mechanical behavior of concrete mix with partial replacement of recycled fine aggregates, to determine the concrete properties consolidating recycled tropical wood sawdust, and to identify the optimum percentage partial replacement of recycled tropical wood sawdust in the concrete mix. For fresh concrete, slump test were performed to determine the workability of the concrete while for hardened concrete tests were compressive strength test, water absorption test and density test. The tests were carried out at the age of 7 days and 28 days. The result shown that 10% of sawdust replacement in the concrete mix recorded the highest amount of compressive strength, lowest water absorption and highest density compared to the control sample

Concrete brick properties incorporating EPS and POFA as replacement materials

The implementation of sustainable construction and green building becomes the main attention of construction industries in Malaysia as it has been introduced by the government in the Construction Industry Transformation Programme (2016-2020). Therefore, this study focuses on the development of sustainable concrete bricks containing Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as sand and cement substitute materials. The percentage of replacement is 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% for EPS and 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% for POFA. There are 30 different mix designs of brick have been produced and their properties have been identified. Hardened brick density, compressive strength, water absorption and initial rate of absorption are the brick properties identified in this study. Based on the experimental results, it was found that the hardened brick density and compressive strength of the brick decreased as the replacement percentage increased. On the other hand, the water absorption and initial rate of absorption of the brick decreased as the percentage of EPS increased and increased as the percentage of POFA increased. Based on the findings, it shows that EPS and POFA has significantly contributes to the reduction of brick density. Next, for the compressive strength all the bricks have satisfied the minimum strength requirement of non-load bearing brick. Finally, for water absorption and initial rate of absorption, it has been found that majority of the bricks have an acceptable value based on standard requirements for brick. This can be concluded that EPS and POFA could be potential substitute materials for the manufacture of sustainable bricks

A simulation model of reinforced concrete beam containing expanded polystyrene beads (EPS) and palm oil fueled ash (POFA) using finite element method

In this study, Expanded Polystyrene bead (EPS) and Palm Oil Fuelled Ash (POFA) will be used to replace several percents of cement and aggregate in reinforced concrete beam construction. EPS can produce lightweight concrete, and the use of POFA can produce high strength concrete and can also reduce waste disposal. The reinforced concrete beams were analysed using computer software called ABAQUS. The main reason Abaqus software is used as analytics software for this project is that the software is designed specifically for analyzing advanced structural and heat transfer. It is designed for both linear and nonlinear pressure analyses for both tiny and huge structures. This software can also be used to analyze the proposed reinforced concrete beam failure pattern of EPS and POFA. The percentage of EPS and POFA were 40% to 60% in concrete as replacement material. The information obtained from Abaqus is then used to verify the experimental results. The data also contains the appropriate percentage of EPS and POFA in the reinforced concrete beam where performance in terms of bending, pressure, and failure pattern is at maximum. The result shows decrease performance of RC beam containing 40-60% EPS and POFA