724 research outputs found
PDEs with Compressed Solutions
Sparsity plays a central role in recent developments in signal processing,
linear algebra, statistics, optimization, and other fields. In these
developments, sparsity is promoted through the addition of an norm (or
related quantity) as a constraint or penalty in a variational principle. We
apply this approach to partial differential equations that come from a
variational quantity, either by minimization (to obtain an elliptic PDE) or by
gradient flow (to obtain a parabolic PDE). Also, we show that some PDEs can be
rewritten in an form, such as the divisible sandpile problem and
signum-Gordon. Addition of an term in the variational principle leads to
a modified PDE where a subgradient term appears. It is known that modified PDEs
of this form will often have solutions with compact support, which corresponds
to the discrete solution being sparse. We show that this is advantageous
numerically through the use of efficient algorithms for solving based
problems.Comment: 21 pages, 15 figure
Operating characteristics of a D.C. magnetic ion source
The operating characteristics of an ion source of the type described by Kistemaker and Dekker are given. The dependence of the total ion output on the ion source pressure, magnetic field, anode voltage, filament emission, and probe voltage is described. When hydrogen gas was used the ion· source operated stably for pressures in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 microns of Hg producing maximum ion currents of 3 to 5 ma. Its gas consumption was relatively high (22.5 cc/hr, STP) and the proton percentage of the ion beam was of the order of 8%. The best focusing gave a beam diameter of 5 mm on a target 2 meters from the ion source. The filament lifetimes varied from 50 to more than 100 hours. The power consumption for ion beams of 3 ma or less was found to be about 0.15 watts/ua
Application of the level-set method to the implicit solvation of nonpolar molecules
A level-set method is developed for numerically capturing the equilibrium
solute-solvent interface that is defined by the recently proposed variational
implicit solvent model (Dzubiella, Swanson, and McCammon, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf
104}, 527 (2006) and J. Chem.\Phys. {\bf 124}, 084905 (2006)). In the level-set
method, a possible solute-solvent interface is represented by the zero
level-set (i.e., the zero level surface) of a level-set function and is
eventually evolved into the equilibrium solute-solvent interface. The evolution
law is determined by minimization of a solvation free energy {\it functional}
that couples both the interfacial energy and the van der Waals type
solute-solvent interaction energy. The surface evolution is thus an energy
minimizing process, and the equilibrium solute-solvent interface is an output
of this process. The method is implemented and applied to the solvation of
nonpolar molecules such as two xenon atoms, two parallel paraffin plates,
helical alkane chains, and a single fullerene . The level-set solutions
show good agreement for the solvation energies when compared to available
molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, the method captures solvent
dewetting (nanobubble formation) and quantitatively describes the interaction
in the strongly hydrophobic plate system
Extended Smoothed Boundary Method for Solving Partial Differential Equations with General Boundary Conditions on Complex Boundaries
In this article, we describe an approach for solving partial differential
equations with general boundary conditions imposed on arbitrarily shaped
boundaries. A continuous function, the domain parameter, is used to modify the
original differential equations such that the equations are solved in the
region where a domain parameter takes a specified value while boundary
conditions are imposed on the region where the value of the domain parameter
varies smoothly across a short distance. The mathematical derivations are
straightforward and generically applicable to a wide variety of partial
differential equations. To demonstrate the general applicability of the
approach, we provide four examples herein: (1) the diffusion equation with both
Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions; (2) the diffusion equation with both
surface diffusion and reaction; (3) the mechanical equilibrium equation; and
(4) the equation for phase transformation with the presence of additional
boundaries. The solutions for several of these cases are validated against
corresponding analytical and semi-analytical solutions. The potential of the
approach is demonstrated with five applications: surface-reaction-diffusion
kinetics with a complex geometry, Kirkendall-effect-induced deformation,
thermal stress in a complex geometry, phase transformations affected by
substrate surfaces, and a self-propelled droplet.Comment: This document is the revised version of arXiv:0912.1288v
Measures for pathway analysis in brain white matter using diffusion tensor images
In this paper we discuss new measures for connectivity analysis of brain white matter, using MR diffusion tensor imaging. Our approach is based on Riemannian geometry, the viability of which has been demonstrated by various researchers in foregoing work. In the Riemannian framework bundles of axons are represented by geodesies on the manifold. Here we do not discuss methods to compute these geodesies, nor do we rely on the availability of geodesies. Instead we propose local measures which are directly computable from the local DTI data, and which enable us to preselect viable or exclude uninteresting seed points for the potentially time consuming extraction of geodesies. If geodesies are available, our measures can be readily applied to these as well. We consider two types of geodesic measures. One pertains to the connectivity saliency of a geodesic, the second to its stability with respect to local spatial perturbations. For the first type of measure we consider both differential as well as integral measures for characterizing a geodesic's saliency either locally or globally. (In the latter case one needs to be in possession of the geodesic curve, in the former case a single tangent vector suffices.) The second type of measure is intrinsically local, and turns out to be related to a well known tensor in Riemannian geometry.</p
Real-Time Data Driven Wildland Fire Modeling
We are developing a wildland fire model based on semi-empirical relations
that estimate the rate of spread of a surface fire and post-frontal heat
release, coupled with WRF, the Weather Research and Forecasting atmospheric
model. A level set method identifies the fire front. Data are assimilated using
both amplitude and position corrections using a morphing ensemble Kalman
filter. We will use thermal images of a fire for observations that will be
compared to synthetic image based on the model state.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. ICCS 0
Generic Tracking of Multiple Apparent Horizons with Level Flow
We report the development of the first apparent horizon locator capable of
finding multiple apparent horizons in a ``generic'' numerical black hole
spacetime. We use a level-flow method which, starting from a single arbitrary
initial trial surface, can undergo topology changes as it flows towards
disjoint apparent horizons if they are present. The level flow method has two
advantages: 1) The solution is independent of changes in the initial guess and
2) The solution can have multiple components. We illustrate our method of
locating apparent horizons by tracking horizon components in a short
Kerr-Schild binary black hole grazing collision.Comment: 13 pages including figures, submitted to Phys Rev
Level Set Approach to Reversible Epitaxial Growth
We generalize the level set approach to model epitaxial growth to include
thermal detachment of atoms from island edges. This means that islands do not
always grow and island dissociation can occur. We make no assumptions about a
critical nucleus. Excellent quantitative agreement is obtained with kinetic
Monte Carlo simulations for island densities and island size distributions in
the submonolayer regime.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figure
- …