Do Social Network Sites Enhance or Undermine Subjective Well‐Being? A Critical Review

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136039/1/sipr12033.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136039/2/sipr12033_am.pd

Young and Old Adults' Concerns About Morality and Competence

Two experiments were conducted to examine people's sensitivity to person information from the morality domain (relation-oriented) and the competence domain (task & achievement-oriented). In a lexical decision paradigm, the findings from Experiment 1 showed that younger adults were faster to identify person cues (trait words) from the morality than from the competence domain, especially cues that were related to immorality. Experiment 2 compared the responses of younger and older adults. Despite the slower responses of the older adults, the findings indicated that all participants were faster at identifying cues from the morality domain than from the competence domain, with no age interactions. The results from Experiment 2 also suggested that disparate findings in the literature regarding reaction times to morality/competence cues and valence (positive or negative) were a function of word frequency effects. The findings are discussed in terms of people's chronic concern with the moral aspects of others as invariant across the lifespan, given that the morality domain is where interpersonal costs and threats are most likely to be signaled.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45370/1/11031_2004_Article_343706.pd

On-line social interactions and executive functions

A successful social interaction often requires on-line and active construction of an ever-changing mental-model of another person’s beliefs, expectations, emotions, and desires. It also requires the ability to maintain focus, problem-solve, and flexibly pursue goals in a distraction-rich environment, as well as the ability to take-turns and inhibit inappropriate behaviors. Many of these tasks rely on executive functions (EF) – working memory, attention/cognitive control, and inhibition. Executive functioning has long been viewed as relatively static. However, starting with recent reports of successful cognitive interventions, this view is changing and now EFs are seen as much more open to both short- and long-term “training,” “warm-up,” and “exhaustion” effects. Some of the most intriguing evidence suggests that engaging in social interaction enhances performance on standard EF tests. Interestingly, the latest research indicates these EF benefits are selectively conferred by certain on-line, dynamic social interactions, which require participants to mentally engage with another person and actively construct a model of their mind. We review this literature and highlight its connection with evolutionary and cultural theories emphasizing links between intelligence and sociality

The problematic structure for research in AI

This project has examined issues and challenges associated with regulation, research, and ethicalconsiderations within artificial intelligence (AI) and its application. It has been demonstrated that there areclear differences between research done and funded by private organizations and public institutions.Research conducted in collaboration with private organizations in the field of AI may have biases due tocommercial interests. Furthermore, there is no body that examines private organizations' abilities toadhere to the ethical principles they set.Based on the examination of influential articles and authors in AI and ethics, it can be concluded that thereis a need to raise awareness of research conducted in connection with private companies in AI. As AItechnology is reaching the size and impact it has, it is important that we set requirements for research anddesign of the technology to ensure the reduction of unintended effects.The first major regulations in connection with the EU AI Act are emerging. However, it is difficult to say howmuch influence this type of regulation will have, as it does not seem to impose high demands onaccountability and impact evaluation. It is also clear that there are no requirements to adhere to ethicalguidelines provided by the AI Act.Based on an examination of regulations and research conducted in the field of AI in the Western world, itcan be concluded that there is a lack of research and/or attention to the impact on humans, as well as alack of research standards in large parts of the research community in the field.Given the scale at which AI is becoming part of our daily lives, it is important to consider the influence thatdifferent AI technologies can have. Therefore, the project believes that it is essential to conduct researchthat investigates the impact of AI technologies on individuals upon implementation.Finally, the project provides an example of a design approach/method that seems to meet the criteriahighlighted by the issues the project has identified

Better to brag: Underestimating the risks of avoiding positive self‐disclosures in close relationships

ObjectiveCapitalization, or disclosing positive news in close relationships, is interpersonally and intrapersonally beneficial and expected by relational partners. Why do some individuals avoid capitalizing? How do close relational partners react when they later discover that positive news was not directly disclosed to them?MethodWe conducted nine correlational and experimental studies using vignettes and recalled events (N = 2,177).ResultsWe find that individuals who are concerned about being seen as braggarts tend to avoid capitalizing with their close relationships even when it is likely their partner would ultimately learn of the news. Yet this concern may be relatively unwarranted and these individuals show a forecasting error: They overestimate how negatively their partner would react to disclosure and predict that their partner would react more positively if they discovered the news through external means. However,they neglect to predict that partners who later learn of the news and realize they were not disclosed toward in fact feel devalued. We discuss how this concern with bragging is linked to decreased extraversion, perspective taking, and empathy.ConclusionsUniquely in close relationships, being concerned about bragging may elicit negative relational outcomes, by hindering the positive self‐disclosures that one’s partners expect.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170209/1/jopy12635.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170209/2/jopy12635_am.pd

Cultural styles, relationship schemas, and prejudice against outgroups

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/91936/1/cultural_styles.pd