Neolignans from the Arils of <i>Myristica fragrans</i> as Potent Antagonists of CC Chemokine Receptor 3

CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) is expressed selectively in eosinophils, basophils, and some Th2 cells and plays a major role in allergic diseases. A methanol extract from the arils of <i>Myristica fragrans</i> inhibited CC chemokine ligand 11-induced chemotaxis in CCR3-expressing L1.2 cells at 100 μg/mL. From this extract, eight new neolignans, maceneolignans A–H (<b>1</b>–<b>8</b>), were isolated, and their stereostructures were elucidated from their spectroscopic values and chemical properties. Of those constituents, compounds <b>1</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>6</b>, and <b>8</b> and (+)-<i>erythro</i>-(7<i>S</i>,8<i>R</i>)-Δ^8′-7-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-8-<i>O</i>-4′-neolignan (<b>11</b>), (−)-(8<i>R</i>)-Δ^8′-3,4-methylenedioxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-8-<i>O</i>-4′-neolignan (<b>17</b>), (+)-licarin A (<b>20</b>), nectandrin B (<b>25</b>), verrucosin (<b>26</b>), and myristicin (<b>27</b>) inhibited CCR3-mediated chemotaxis at a concentration of 1 μM. Among them, <b>1</b> (EC₅₀ 1.6 μM), <b>6</b> (1.5 μM), and <b>8</b> (1.4 μM) showed relatively strong activities, which were comparable to that of a synthetic CCR3 selective antagonist, SB328437 (0.78 μM)

Neolignans from the Arils of <i>Myristica fragrans</i> as Potent Antagonists of CC Chemokine Receptor 3

CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) is expressed selectively in eosinophils, basophils, and some Th2 cells and plays a major role in allergic diseases. A methanol extract from the arils of <i>Myristica fragrans</i> inhibited CC chemokine ligand 11-induced chemotaxis in CCR3-expressing L1.2 cells at 100 μg/mL. From this extract, eight new neolignans, maceneolignans A–H (<b>1</b>–<b>8</b>), were isolated, and their stereostructures were elucidated from their spectroscopic values and chemical properties. Of those constituents, compounds <b>1</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>6</b>, and <b>8</b> and (+)-<i>erythro</i>-(7<i>S</i>,8<i>R</i>)-Δ^8′-7-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-8-<i>O</i>-4′-neolignan (<b>11</b>), (−)-(8<i>R</i>)-Δ^8′-3,4-methylenedioxy-3′,5′-dimethoxy-8-<i>O</i>-4′-neolignan (<b>17</b>), (+)-licarin A (<b>20</b>), nectandrin B (<b>25</b>), verrucosin (<b>26</b>), and myristicin (<b>27</b>) inhibited CCR3-mediated chemotaxis at a concentration of 1 μM. Among them, <b>1</b> (EC₅₀ 1.6 μM), <b>6</b> (1.5 μM), and <b>8</b> (1.4 μM) showed relatively strong activities, which were comparable to that of a synthetic CCR3 selective antagonist, SB328437 (0.78 μM)

Strong upregulation of HSP27 in lung tissues from IPF patients.

<p>(A) Immunohistochemical staining of HSP27 in human lung tissues. Representative images are shown (n = 5). (B) Double immunofluorescence staining of HSP27 (green) and α-SMA (red) in human lung tissues. Representative images are shown (n = 4). (C) Quantitation of HSP27 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples. HSP27 contents in BAL samples containing 0.5% Triton X-100 were determined by ELISA. Data are shown as mean ± SE (control, n = 3; IPF, n = 6). *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p

Upregulation of HSP27 in TGF-β1-treated lung fibroblasts.

<p>(A, B) MRC-5. Cells in monolayer were washed twice with PBS to remove FBS, cultured in Opti-MEM for 24 h, and mock-treated or treated with 1 ng/ml of TGF-β1 for the indicated lengths of time. (A) Immunoblot analysis. Protein levels of HSP27, p-HSP27, and α-SMA were determined by immunoblot analysis. For a loading control, β-actin was used. Signal intensities were quantified using Image J software and normalized by β-actin. A representative image from four independent experiments is shown in the left. Quantitative data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 4) in the right. *: P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA. (B) Quantitative PCR. Expression levels of HSP27 and α-SMA mRNAs were determined by quantitative PCR and normalized by GAPDH. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 4). *: P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA. (C, D) NHLF. Cells in monolayer were washed twice with PBS, cultured in Opti-MEM for 24 h, and mock-treated or treated with 2 ng/ml of TGF-β1 for indicated length of time. (C) Immunoblot analysis. This was performed as described above. For a loading control, GAPDH was used. A representative image from four independent experiments is shown in the left. Quantitative data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 4) in the right. *: P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA. (D) Quantitative PCR. This was performed as described above. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 4). *: P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA. (E, F) NMLF. Cells in monolayer were washed twice with PBS, cultured in Opti-MEM containing 1% FBS for 24 h, and mock-treated or treated with 4 ng/ml of TGF-β1 for the indicated length of time. (E) Immunoblot analysis. This was performed as described above. For a loading control, GAPDH was used. A representative image from six independent experiments is shown in the left. Quantitative data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 6) in the right. *: P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA. (F) Quantitative PCR. This was performed as described above. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 6). *: P<0.05 by one-way ANOVA.</p

Upregulation of HSP27 in lung tissues of bleomycin-treated mice.

<p>Mice were intratracheally treated with PBS or bleomycin. After 14 days, mice were sacrificed and lungs were removed. (A) Immunoblot analysis. Protein levels of HSP27 and p-HSP27 were analyzed by Immunoblotting using tissue lysates prepared from right lungs. For a loading control, α-tubulin was used. Signal intensities were quantified using Image J software. A representative image from seven independent experiments is shown in the left. Quantitative data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 7) in the right. *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. (B) Immunofluorescence staining. Left lungs were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections (4 μm) were double stained for HSP27 (green) and α-SMA (red), proSP-C (red), E-cadherin (E-cad, red) or OPN (red) as depicted. For nuclear staining, TO-PRO-3 (blue) was used. The bars indicate 20 μm. Representative images from three independent experiments are shown. (C) Col1a2-EGFP reporter mice. Mice were intratracheally instilled with PBS or bleomycin. After 14 days, mice were sacrificed and lungs were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, treated with 30% sucrose for cryoprotection, and embedded. Frozen sections (6 μm thick) were stained for HSP27 (red). Collagen Type I α2 was visualized by EGFP (green). The bars indicate 20 μm. Representative images from three independent experiments are shown.</p

Effect of HSP27 siRNA on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.

<p>Mice were intratracheally treated with PBS or bleomycin. On day 4, 6, 9, and 12, mice were intranasally inoculated with 5 μg of control siRNA or HSP27 siRNA using MaxSuppressor In Vivo RNA-LANCEr II. On day 14, mice were sacrificed and lungs were removed. (A) Immunoblot analysis. Protein levels of HSP27 were analyzed by immunoblotting using tissue lysates prepared from right lungs. As a loading control, β-actin was used. A representative image from six independent experiments is shown (above). Quantitative data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 6) (below). *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. (B) Masson’s trichrome staining. This was performed using tissue sections from left lungs. Representative images from three independent experiments are shown. The bars indicate 50 μm. (C) Ashcroft’s Score. Fibrosis levels were quantified by Ashcroft’s Score. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 7). *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. (D) Hydroxyproline content. Tissue homogenates prepared from right lungs were used to determined hydroxproline contents. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 7). *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. (E) Immunohistochemical staining. Tissue sections from left lungs were immunohistochemically stained for HSP27, α-SMA, and OPN. Representative images from three independent experiments are shown. The bars indicate 20 μm. (F) Airway delivery of FITC-labeled siRNA. Mice were intratracheally treated with bleomycin. On day 4, mice were intranasally inoculated with 5 μg of FITC-labeled siRNA mixed in MaxSuppressor In Vivo RNA-LANCEr II. After 1 h, lungs were removed and frozen sections were made. Tissue sections were fixed and stained for α-SMA. FITC (green) and α-SMA (red) were observed on a fluorescence microscopy. Representative images from four independent experiments are shown.</p

Effect of HSP27 siRNA on TGF-β1-treated MRC-5.

<p>MRC-5 cells were transfected with control or HSP27 siRNA and cultured for 24 h. After washing to remove FBS, cells were placed in Opti-MEM and treated with 0.5 ng/ml of TGF-β1 for 48 h. (A) Phase contrast microscopic images. Representative results from three independent experiments are shown. The bars indicate 100 μm. (B) Cell viability assay. Dead cells were detected by staining <i>in situ</i> with 5 μg/ml of propidium iotide (PI). PI-positive cells in each field (44 mm²) were counted on a fluorescence microscope. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 6). *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. (C) Apoptosis assay. Apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometry using the Annexin V and 7AAD double staining assay. The FACS plots are shown in the left with % of cells in the four gated areas. Columns in the right show % of cells in early apoptosis (Annexin V⁺ and 7AAD^‒) and late apoptotosis (Annexin V⁺ and 7AAD⁺) as mean ± SE (n = 3). *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. (D) Immunoblot assay. MRC-5 cells were transfected with control siRNA “C” or HSP27 siRNA “H” and cultured for 24 h. Then, after changing the culture medium to Opti-MEM containing 2% FBS, cells were treated with or without 0.5 ng/ml of TGF-β1 for 48 h. Protein levels of HSP27, α-SMA and fibronectin (FN) were determined by immunoblot analysis. For a loading control, α-tubulin was used. Quantitative data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 4) in the right. *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test. (E) Quantitative PCR. MRC-5 cells were transfected with control or HSP27 siRNA and cultured for 24 h. Then, after changing the culture medium to Opti-MEM containing 2% FBS, cells were treated with or without 0.5 ng/ml of TGF-β1 for 24 h. Expression levels of HSP27, α-SMA, FN1, α1 type I collagen (COL1A1) and opsteopontin (OPN) mRNAs were determined by quantitative PCR and normalized by GAPDH. Data are shown as mean ± SE (n = 6). *: P<0.05 by Student’s <i>t</i>-test.</p