副腎原発悪性褐色細胞腫の2症例

内分泌症状がなく,初診時すでに巨大でありながら,画像診断が困難であった悪性褐色細胞腫2例を経験した.症例は2例とも中年で,既往歴に高血圧はなかった.Computed Tomography(C.T.)にて1例は右副腎,もう1例は左副腎に一致して低濃度の腫瘤を認め,肝への転移による低濃度域を認めた.血管造影で2例ともあまりhypervascularではなかった.剖検にて2例とも悪性褐色細胞腫とその転移と診断された.副腎原発悪性腫瘍について,画像診断を中心に文献的考察を加えて報告する.Two patients with non-functioning malignant pheochromocytoma, which were revealed by autopsy, were studied with imaging examinations. Both patients were middle aged and without any history of hypertension. Low density tumors were demonstrated by computed tomography (C.T.), the tumor was found on the left side in one case and on the right side in the other. Neither case showed sure hypervascularity by angiography. Radiological imaging of primary adrenal malignant tumors was reported

From Duty to Right: The Role of Public Education in the Transition to Aging Societies

This paper argues that the introduction of compulsory schooling in early industrialization promoted the growth process that eventually led to a vicious cycle of population aging and negative pressure on education policy. In the early phases of industrialization, public education was undesirable for the young poor who relied on child labor. Compulsory schooling therefore discouraged childbirth, while the accompanying industrialization stimulated their demand for education. The subsequent rise in the share of the old population, however, limited government resources for education, placing heavier financial burdens on the young. This induced further fertility decline and population aging, and the resulting cycle may have delayed the growth of advanced economies in the last few decades

Search for gravitational-lensing signatures in the full third observing run of the LIGO-Virgo network

Gravitational lensing by massive objects along the line of sight to the source causes distortions of gravitational wave-signals; such distortions may reveal information about fundamental physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In this work, we have extended the search for lensing signatures to all binary black hole events from the third observing run of the LIGO--Virgo network. We search for repeated signals from strong lensing by 1) performing targeted searches for subthreshold signals, 2) calculating the degree of overlap amongst the intrinsic parameters and sky location of pairs of signals, 3) comparing the similarities of the spectrograms amongst pairs of signals, and 4) performing dual-signal Bayesian analysis that takes into account selection effects and astrophysical knowledge. We also search for distortions to the gravitational waveform caused by 1) frequency-independent phase shifts in strongly lensed images, and 2) frequency-dependent modulation of the amplitude and phase due to point masses. None of these searches yields significant evidence for lensing. Finally, we use the non-detection of gravitational-wave lensing to constrain the lensing rate based on the latest merger-rate estimates and the fraction of dark matter composed of compact objects