Evaluación de la actividad antidiabética In vitro de plantas medicinales de uso tradicional.

La diabetes mellitus (DM) es una enfermedad metabólica crónica, la cual se ha convertido en un grave problema a nivel mundial. En el 2014 aproximadamente 422 millones de personas padecían esta enfermedad y se espera que en los próximos 20 años este número se duplique. La búsqueda de nuevos fármacos que actúen como agonistas de los Receptores Ȗ activados por los proliferadores de peroxisomas (PPARȖ) tiene una gran importancia, ya que se ha demostrado que, incrementar la expresión de PPARɤ y a su vez equilibrar el proceso de adipogénesis conduciría a una mejor respuesta en el metabolismo de carbohidratos. Otra forma de combatir la DM es retrasando la absorción de la glucosa a través de la inhibición de la hidrolisis enzimática de carbohidratos llevada cabo por la α-amilasa y α-glucosidasa. Se conoce que una de las complicaciones más importantes en el estado diabético es el estrés oxidativo, de aquí la importancia de adicionar agentes antioxidantes en pacientes hiperglucémicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antidiabética in vitro de los extractos etanólicos de C. submontana, Cyathea prínceps y Bidens sp., además de separar la fracción activa del extracto o extractos activos. Se evaluó la capacidad de los extractos para inhibir la actividad enzimática de α-amilasa y α-glucosidasa, los resultados de C. submontana fueron de CI50 de 28.2 ± 2.1 µg/mL y 1.9 ± 0.1 µg/mL respectivamente para cada enzima. C. prínceps y Bidens sp no mostraron una actividad relevante. Se evaluó el efecto de los extractos sobre la expresión del gen de PPARȖ, solamente C. submontana incremento el nivel de expresión del gen de manera significativa en comparación con el fármaco rosiglitazona. De la misma forma C. submontana fue el extracto con mayor capacidad de captura del radical DPPH con una CE50 de 21.52 ± 1.75 µg/mL. Tomando en cuenta los resultados anteriores se decidió continuar solo con C. submontana, el cual se considera como moderadamente toxico en el ensayo de proliferación celular con células VERO. EL extracto de C. submontana se fraccionó por cromatografía en columna de sílica gel, de la cual se obtuvieron 18 fracciones. Las fracciones se probaron con los ensayos enzimáticos para encontrar la fracción responsable de la actividad biológica in vitro, únicamente las fracciones f12 y f18 fueron activas. Los compuestos presentes en el extracto etanólico de C. submontana pueden contribuir en el tratamiento y/o como coadyuvante en la Diabetes mellitus ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease considered a severe global public health problem. In 2014, approximately 285million people suffered from this illness, and this amount is expected to double up within the next 20 years. The search for new drugs that act as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR) is essential. The best carbohydrates metabolism state could be reach by increase PPAR expression. Another way to confront DM is inhibiting enzymatic hydrolysis of both αamylase y α-glucosidase, this would delay the glucose absorption. One of the most critical complications in diabetes is oxidative stress, which is why the use of antioxidants in diabetic patients is indispensable. This work aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity in vitro of the ethanol extracts C. submontana, Cyathea princeps, and Bidens sp., as well as its fractionation. Was evaluated the ability of the extracts to inhibit the enzymatic activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, the results of C. submontana were IC 50 of 28.2 ± 2.1 μg/mL and 1.9 ± 0.1 μg / mL respectively for each enzyme. C. princeps and Bidens sp did not show a relevant activity. Was evaluated the effect of the extracts on the expression of the PPARȖ gene, only C. submontana increased the expression level of the gene significantly compared to the drug rosiglitazone. In the same way, C. submontana was the extract with the best capture capacity of the DPPH radical with an EC50 of 21.52 ± 1.75 μg/mL Taking into account the previous results it was decided to continue only with C. submontana, which is considered to be moderately toxic in the cell proliferation assay with VERO cells. The extract of C. submontana was fractionated by chromatography on a silica gel column, from which 18 fractions were obtained. The fractions were tested with enzymatic assays to find the part responsible for the biological activity in vitro, only fractions f12 and f18 were active. The compounds present in the ethanolic extract of C. submontana may contribute to the treatment and as an adjuvant in diabetes mellitus

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Methanolic Plant Extracts against Nosocomial Microorganisms

Biofilm is a complex microbial community highly resistant to antimicrobials.The formation of biofilms in biotic and abiotic surfaces is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. New alternatives for controlling infections have been proposed focusing on the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants and their antimicrobial effects. In the present study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of 8 methanolic plant extracts were evaluated against clinical isolated microorganisms. Preliminary screening by diffusion well assay showed the antimicrobial activity of Prosopis laevigata, Opuntia ficus-indica, and Gutierrezia microcephala. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined ranging from 0.7 to >15 mg/mL. The specific biofilm formation index (SBF) was evaluated before and after the addition of plant extracts (MBC × 0.75). Opuntia ficus-indica caused the major reduction on SBF in dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic activity of plant extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality test (Artemia salina L.). Lethal Dose concentration (LD50 values) of the plant extracts was calculated. LD50 values for P. laevigata and G. microcephalawere 141.6 and 323.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Methanolic Plant Extracts against Nosocomial Microorganisms

Biofilm is a complex microbial community highly resistant to antimicrobials. The formation of biofilms in biotic and abiotic surfaces is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. New alternatives for controlling infections have been proposed focusing on the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants and their antimicrobial effects. In the present study the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of 8 methanolic plant extracts were evaluated against clinical isolated microorganisms. Preliminary screening by diffusion well assay showed the antimicrobial activity of Prosopis laevigata, Opuntia ficus-indica, and Gutierrezia microcephala. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined ranging from 0.7 to >15 mg/mL. The specific biofilm formation index (SBF) was evaluated before and after the addition of plant extracts (MBC × 0.75). Opuntia ficus-indica caused the major reduction on SBF in dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxic activity of plant extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality test (Artemia salina L.). Lethal Dose concentration (LD 50 values) of the plant extracts was calculated. LD 50 values for P. laevigata and G. microcephala were 141.6 and 323.3 g/mL, respectively, while O. ficus-indica showed a slight lethality with 939.2 g/mL. Phytochemical analyses reveal the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and coumarines