The influence of use of different rates of mycorrhizal inoculum on root infection, plant growth, and phosphorus uptake

Sorghum and leek plants were used as hosts in order to test the effectiveness and infectiveness of four mycorrhizal species on spore production, plant growth and phosphorus (P) uptake. When sorghum was used as a test plant, Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum, and Glomus caledonium, respectively, gave the highest number of spores, while on leek, G. etunicatum, G. mosseae, and G. caledonium, respectively, resulted in higher spore production. Glomus intraradices produced the least amount of inoculum among the four species. Based on relative spore production and root infection, G. mosseae and G. etunicatum were determined to be the two best fungi as sources of inoculum for further use in the experiment. It is very important to know the minimum amount of inoculum in order to reach the maximum percentage of infection. Thus different amounts of inoculum were applied to determine optimum rates of inoculation. Sorghum and leek plants were infected with 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 g G. mosseae and G. etunicatum of mycorrhizal inoculum per pot in a low P content and natural soil. As the inoculum rate increased, plant parameters and the percent of infection gradually increased with increasing rate to 18 g. Higher inoculum rates did not stimulate growth on infection percentage

Growth response of maize plants (Zea mays L.) to wheat and lentil pre-cropping and to indigenous mycorrhizae in field soil. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 8(S1), S131-S136 Available online at www.inia.es/sjar ISSN

Abstract The presence of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi may have significant effects on the growth and on the root morphology of plants, under arid and semi arid soil conditions. Lentil and wheat are the traditional crops grown in Southeastern Turkey. In this study soil samples from the Harran plain were collected from the 0-15 cm surface layer under wheat or lentil crop residues and used in a pot experiment carried out under greenhouse conditions with four levels of P fertilization: 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg -1 soil as Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 . Half of the soil batches were submitted to a heating treatment (80°C, 2 h). The maize variety PX-9540 was grown in the pots for 57 days. At harvest, plant dry weight, root length, P and Zn concentrations in plant tissues were measured and the extent of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was determined. Results showed that maize plants grown in soils where lentil had been previously cultivated grew better than those grown after wheat cultivation. In both cases, P concentration in plant tissues increased with increased P fertilization. There were no significant differences in root AMF colonization between soils with different crop sequences, nor with soils submitted to high temperature. Previous crops had a significant influence on the growth of plants that could be related to differences in the indigenous mycorrhiza inoculum potential and efficacy that can promote P uptake and benefit plant growth. Additional key words: crop and soil management, crop rotation, P fertilization, temperature. Resumen Respuesta de plantas de maíz (Zea mays L.) a cultivos previos de trigo y lenteja y a la presencia de micorrizas nativas en el suelo La presencia de micorrizas nativas puede tener efectos significativos en el crecimiento y la morfología del sistema radicular de las plantas especialmente en zonas áridas y semi áridas. Los cultivos tradicionales en el sureste de Turquía son las lentejas y el trigo. Se obtuvieron muestras de la capa superior de suelo de la llanura de Harran (0-15 cm de profundidad), después del cultivo de lentejas o de trigo, y se utilizaron en un experimento en macetas y bajo condiciones de invernadero, con cuatro niveles de fertilización fosforada (0, 20, 40 y 80 mg kg -1 suelo). La mitad de cada muestra compuesta de los suelos se sometió a un tratamiento de calor (80°C, 2 h) y se cultivó la variedad de maíz PX-9540 en los contenedores durante 57 días. Se determinaron los siguientes parámetros: materia seca, colonización de raíz por hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HMA), longitud de raíz, y concentraciones de P y Zn en las plantas. Crecieron mejor las plantas de maíz cultivadas en suelos con un cultivo previo de lentejas que de trigo. En ambos casos, la concentración de P en las plantas se incrementó con cantidades crecientes de fertilización fosforada. No hubo diferencias significativas en la colonización por HMA de las raíces entre los dos suelos utilizados procedentes de cultivos diferentes y tampoco con el suelo sometido al tratamiento térmico. Se concluyó que los cultivos anteriores pueden tener un efecto en la cosecha siguiente, efecto que puede estar relacionado con diferencias en la eficacia y efectividad de las micorrizas nativas, que pueden contribuir significativamente a mejorar la absorción de P y el crecimiento de las plantas. Palabras clave adicionales: fertilización con P, manejo de de cultivos y suelos, rotación de cultivos, temperatura

Investigation on the possibilities of utilization of geostatistical technique in soil moisture content and bulk density determinations [Bir Jeoistatistiksel Teknigin Toprak Hacim Agirligi ve Nem içerigi Araştirmalarinda KuIIanim Olanaklarinin irdelenmesi]

This investigation has been conducted to quantitatively evaluate the possible variation tendencies of some important physical properties such as bulk density and water contents of field soils with distance. The experiment was set up on Arik soil series situated on Ç.Ü. Faculty of Agriculture Experimental Farm. Soil samples were taken at 5 m intervals on two 100 m transacts placed in North-South and East-West directions. The sampled soil depths were 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm in the directions of North-South and 0-20 cm in that of East-West: yielding a total of 80 soil samples. The variation tendencies of above mentioned soid properties were quantitatively evaluated semi-variograms and it was found that the variability is dependent on the sampling interval. The sampling interval for a reliable estimation of bulk density was 40 m in North-South and 30 m in East-West directions; and for soil moisture contents it was 20 m in North-South directions and 25 m in East-West directions

Growth response of maize plants (Zea mays L.) to wheat and lentil pre-cropping and to indigenous mycorrhizae in field soil [Respuesta de plantas de maíz (Zea mays L.) a cultivos previos de trigo y lenteja y a la presencia de micorrizas nativas en el suelo]

The presence of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi may have significant effects on the growth and on the root morphology of plants, under arid and semi arid soil conditions. Lentil and wheat are the traditional crops grown in Southeastern Turkey. In this study soil samples from the Harran plain were collected from the 0-15 cm surface layer under wheat or lentil crop residues and used in a pot experiment carried out under greenhouse conditions with four levels of P fertilization: 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg-1 soil as Ca(H2PO4)2. Half of the soil batches were submitted to a heating treatment (80°C, 2 h). The maize variety PX-9540 was grown in the pots for 57 days. At harvest, plant dry weight, root length, P and Zn concentrations in plant tissues were measured and the extent of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was determined. Results showed that maize plants grown in soils where lentil had been previously cultivated grew better than those grown after wheat cultivation. In both cases, P concentration in plant tissues increased with increased P fertilization. There were no significant differences in root AMF colonization between soils with different crop sequences, nor with soils submitted to high temperature. Previous crops had a significant influence on the growth of plants that could be related to differences in the indigenous mycorrhiza inoculum potential and efficacy that can promote P uptake and benefit plant growth

The mechanisms of nutrient uptake by Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizal fungi are one of the commonly occurring living organism in soil facilitating plants in growth, development, stress tolerance, soil pollutants remediation, C-sequestration, food security and agricultural sustainability. Mycor-rhizal fungi assist the plants in nutrient absorption by extending mycorrhizal hyphae network beyond the rhizosphere. Mycorrhizal inoculation alters the root architecture and studies showed that nutrient absorption capacity of inoculated root is much better than non-inoculated. For a long time, it is assumed that roots absorb nutrients only through direct pathway (DP) only while contribution of AM fungi in nutrients uptake by mycorrhizal pathway (MP) has been ignored. But now the development in scientific methods and tools, enabled the researcher to explore MP mechanism for macro and micro nutrients, moreover suppression of heavy metal stress to the plants. Besides that, mycorrhizal fungi obtain around 20% of photosynthesized C from the plant in exchange of nutrients. Moreover, this C triggers nutrient uptake and their translocation. Plant hormones and root exudates also influence the infection formation and development, they also point out new sites for the interaction of mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots. Nutrient mobility by MP is more secure and economical than DP. Understanding about the nutrient exploration, mobilization, and uptake in root-mycorrhizal interaction has been discussed here at molecular level. Contribution of plant and mycorrhizal transporters have been discussed which need further understanding. Also contribution of mycorrhizal inoculation on nutrient uptake compared with non-inoculated roots were discussed. © Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on biochemical parameters in capsicum annuum grown under long term salt stress [Uzun dönem tuz stresinde yetiştirilen capsicum annuum bitkisinde arbusküler mikorizanın biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkileri]

Salt stress is an important environmental stress. Plants cope with salt stress with diff erent strategies. In this study the Effects of 2 diff erent arbuscular mycorrhiza species (Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices) on some biochemical parameters in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Cumaovasi{dotless}) exposed to long term salt stress were studied. It was found that mycorrhizal inoculation increased RWC, P, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of pepper plants during salt application. The enzyme activities changed depending on the enzyme and salt stress application. The lowest MDA content was found in the plants inoculated with G. intraradices; however, there was no significant diff erence between the NaCl applications. It was found that plants inoculated with G. intraradices had less lipid peroxidation, and therefore it can be said that these plants have an advantage under salt stress

Arbuscular mycorrhizae: Effect of rhizosphere and relation with carbon nutrition

More than 90 % of terrestrial plants form symbiotic association with mycorrhizae which develop and promote cooperation belowground in rhizosphere. Mycorrhizal fungi produces spores in the soil and vegetative propagules in root fragments which respond to stimulation of root exudates in the rhizosphere. As a result, symbiotic relationship takes place where physiology and morphology of both participants rely on each other. Mycorrhizae are present in a range of horticultural, agricultural, forestry and other plant species. Along with mycorrhizae, other beneficial microbes also add in plant growth promotion, nutrient and uptake and stress tolerance either biotic or abiotic. The presence of bacteria in rhizosphere synchronizes with mycorrhizae termed as 'mycorrhizae helper bacteria' and increases plant growth by focusing on N and P in particular while micronutrients in general. Besides that, carbon has important structural and functional role in symbiotic association, because of mycorrhizal reliance on plants for food. Additionally, movement of C to the roots is an interesting area for exploration due to recent global focus on addressing climate change and carbon mitigation approaches particularly for sustainable agriculture. AM symbiosis can influence soil CO2 emissions and soil in ecosystems dominated by mycorrhizal plants that contain 70 % more carbon per unit nitrogen than soil in ecosystems dominated by non-AM-associated plants. Absorption of CO2 by mycorrhizae is contributing in climate change mitigation and translated as plant biomass production. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2016

Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation in soilless culture on pepper plant growth

The aim of study was to search the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on soilless growth condition. Two greenhouse experiments evaluated the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation with two species (Glomus caledonium and Glomus clarum) and three different inoculation treatments (sowing, transplanting and sowing+transplanting and control-without mycorrhiza) on plant growth of pepper hydroponically grown on perlite. The plants inoculated with AM fungi at sowing, transplanting and sowing+transplanting periods with 1000 spores per plant. For each inoculum period mycorrhizal inoculation increased pepper shoot and root dry weight compared with non-inoculated control plants. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant dry weight in the Experiment 1 with 24, 17, and 36% comparison to control plants, respectively. The increases in the Experiment 2 were 28, 26, and 41%, respectively. It is clear that with increasing the day of inoculation the contribution of mycorrhiza on plant growth is increase. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased root colonization. The overall results revealed that pepper plant is mycorrhizal dependent plant. It can be suggested to be used in soilless growth condition

Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas on plant growth of soilless grown muskmelon

The effectiveness of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) (Glomus mosseae, Glomus etinicatum, Glomus fasciculatum and Glomus Caledonium) on plant development of soilless grown muskmelon was investigated. Plants were cultivated in a plastic house, in perlite substrate. Investigated plant growth parameters were plant height, stem diameter, number of leaf, fresh weights of root, stem and leaves. Results showed that all mycorrhiza species increased the plant growth of melon plant in comparison to non inoculated control plants. However, among AM fungi species the better plant growth was obtained with Glomus coledonium and Glomus fasciculatum

Screening of wild emmer wheat accessions (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) for mycorrhizal dependency [Yabani gernik (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) bugdayın mikorizaya bagımlılıgını n test edilmesi]

Mycorrhizal dependency was studied in 23 wild emmer (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides) accessions originating from ecologically and geographically different locations in the Fertile Crescent covering Israel, Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. Wild emmer accessions were grown with mycorrhizae (Glomus mosseae) and non- mycorrhizae under greenhouse conditions, and harvested according to the Zadoks scale at growth stage 33. Root, shoot and total dry weight, growth response, root infection, and mycorrhizal dependency were calculated. It was determined that mycorrhizal inoculation increased 4.1-, 3.9-, and 3.9-fold for root, shoot, and total dry weight, respectively, compared to the control. It was found that wild emmer wheat exhibited a wide range of mycorrhizal dependency (56.8%-90.5%) and growth response (144.0%-990.4%), except root colonisation (70.0%-75.0%). Based on these observations, the hypothesis whether or not wild wheat chromosomes have a gene(s) for mycorrhizal response was tested. The experiment was done on the Langdon-T. dicoccoides substitution lines, each having an individual chromosome from "wild emmer wheat", T. dicoccoides, substituted into the tetraploid wheat cultivar "Langdon" background. Among the Langdon-T. dicoccoides substitution lines, mycorrhizal dependency and growth response varied from 70.9% to 87.0% and from 261.1% to 690.0%, respectively, whereas most of the substitution lines were significantly lower than Langdon for these traits. Disomic substitution lines for B genome chromosomes of dicoccoides showed a significant reduction in mycorrhizal dependency and growth response when compared with disomic substitution lines for A genome chromosomes of dicoccoides. These results revealed that B genome chromosomes had a more detrimental effect on mycorrhizal dependency than did A genome chromosomes. The results of this study showed that wild emmer wheat may be used as a source of mycorrhizal dependency in wheat breeding. © TUBİTAK