Efecto antimicrobiano de extractos obtenidos de residuos agroindustriales en un microorganismo aislado del tomate de árbol

El tomate de árbol es un fruto originario de América del sur, de gran producción en Colombia, especialmente en el departamento de Antioquia. Su producción, como la de la mayoría de los productos agrícolas, se ve afectada por el surgimiento de enfermedades causadas por microorganismos, generando pérdidas significativas en la producción. Los extractos naturales con actividad antimicrobiana son considerados una alternativa para controlar el surgimiento de dichas enfermedades. En este trabajo se tuvo como propósito la identificación de un microorganismo aislado del tomate de árbol enfermo y la evaluación de la actividad antimicrobiana sobre este de extractos obtenidos de menta, orégano, semillas de papaya y cáscara de naranja. Los extractos se obtuvieron; usando hidrodestilación y el método de extracción Soxhlet. Por el primer método sólo se pudo extraer la fase oleosa de la cáscara de naranja; para el resto de los materiales se obtuvieron extractos acuosos. Mientras que por Soxhlet se recuperó la fase oleosa de la menta, orégano y semillas de papaya. El microorganismo que se logró aislar se identificó en la empresa AOXLAB como Colletotrichum acutatum y se evaluó la capacidad mínima inhibitoria de los extractos obtenidos sobre este. Esto permitió determinar que el extracto oleoso de las semillas de papaya fue el único capaz de inhibir al hongo con una concentración de 1250 mg/L. El extracto oleoso de papaya fue posteriormente nanoencapsulado en niosomas con el fin de comparar su potencial antimicrobiano encapsulado y sin encapsular. Este ensayo permitió encontrar que el proceso de encapsulación hace que la concentración de mínima inhibición requerida disminuya a 78.13 mg/L.The tamarillo is a fruit native to South America, of great production in Colombia, especially in the department of Antioquia. Its production, like that of most agricultural products, is affected by the emergence of diseases caused by microorganisms, generating significant losses in production. Natural extracts with antimicrobial activity are considered an alternative to control the emergence of these diseases. The purpose of this work was the identification of a microorganism isolated from the diseased tamarillo and the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity on this of extracts obtained from mint, oregano, papaya seeds and orange peel. The extracts were obtained; using hydrodistillation and the Soxhlet extraction method. By the first method, only the oily phase could be extracted from the orange peel; for the rest of the materials, aqueous extracts were obtained. While by Soxhlet the oily phase of mint, oregano and papaya seeds was recovered. The microorganism that was isolated was identified in the company AOXLAB as Colletotrichum acutatum and the minimum inhibitory capacity of the extracts obtained on it was evaluated. This allowed determining that the oily extract of the papaya seeds was the only one capable of inhibiting the fungus with a concentration of 1250 mg/L. The oily papaya extract was subsequently nanoencapsulated in niosomes in order to compare its encapsulated and unencapsulated antimicrobial potential. This test allowed finding that the encapsulation process reduces the required minimum inhibition concentration to 78.13 mg/L

Efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate in ten countries in Europe and Latin America (HERALD): a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial

Background: Additional safe and efficacious vaccines are needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to analyse the efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate. Methods: HERALD is a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 clinical trial conducted in 47 centres in ten countries in Europe and Latin America. By use of an interactive web response system and stratification by country and age group (18–60 years and ≥61 years), adults with no history of virologically confirmed COVID-19 were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive intramuscularly either two 0·6 mL doses of CVnCoV containing 12 μg of mRNA or two 0·6 mL doses of 0·9% NaCl (placebo) on days 1 and 29. The primary efficacy endpoint was the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 of any severity and caused by any strain from 15 days after the second dose. For the primary endpoint, the trial was considered successful if the lower limit of the CI was greater than 30%. Key secondary endpoints were the occurrence of a first episode of virologically confirmed moderate-to-severe COVID-19, severe COVID-19, and COVID-19 of any severity by age group. Primary safety outcomes were solicited local and systemic adverse events within 7 days after each dose and unsolicited adverse events within 28 days after each dose in phase 2b participants, and serious adverse events and adverse events of special interest up to 1 year after the second dose in phase 2b and phase 3 participants. Here, we report data up to June 18, 2021. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04652102, and EudraCT, 2020–003998–22, and is ongoing. Findings: Between Dec 11, 2020, and April 12, 2021, 39 680 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive either CVnCoV (n=19 846) or placebo (n=19 834), of whom 19 783 received at least one dose of CVnCoV and 19 746 received at least one dose of placebo. After a mean observation period of 48·2 days (SE 0·2), 83 cases of COVID-19 occurred in the CVnCoV group (n=12 851) in 1735·29 person-years and 145 cases occurred in the placebo group (n=12 211) in 1569·87 person-years, resulting in an overall vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 of 48·2% (95·826% CI 31·0–61·4; p=0·016). Vaccine efficacy against moderate-to-severe COVID-19 was 70·7% (95% CI 42·5–86·1; CVnCoV 12 cases in 1735·29 person-years, placebo 37 cases in 1569·87 person-years). In participants aged 18–60 years, vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease was 52·5% (95% CI 36·2–64·8; CVnCoV 71 cases in 1591·47 person-years, placebo, 136 cases in 1449·23 person-years). Too few cases occurred in participants aged 61 years or older (CVnCoV 12, placebo nine) to allow meaningful assessment of vaccine efficacy. Solicited adverse events, which were mostly systemic, were more common in CVnCoV recipients (1933 [96·5%] of 2003) than in placebo recipients (1344 [67·9%] of 1978), with 542 (27·1%) CVnCoV recipients and 61 (3·1%) placebo recipients reporting grade 3 solicited adverse events. The most frequently reported local reaction after any dose in the CVnCoV group was injection-site pain (1678 [83·6%] of 2007), with 22 grade 3 reactions, and the most frequently reported systematic reactions were fatigue (1603 [80·0%] of 2003) and headache (1541 [76·9%] of 2003). 82 (0·4%) of 19 783 CVnCoV recipients reported 100 serious adverse events and 66 (0·3%) of 19 746 placebo recipients reported 76 serious adverse events. Eight serious adverse events in five CVnCoV recipients and two serious adverse events in two placebo recipients were considered vaccination-related. None of the fatal serious adverse events reported (eight in the CVnCoV group and six in the placebo group) were considered to be related to study vaccination. Adverse events of special interest were reported for 38 (0·2%) participants in the CVnCoV group and 31 (0·2%) participants in the placebo group. These events were considered to be related to the trial vaccine for 14 (<0·1%) participants in the CVnCoV group and for five (<0·1%) participants in the placebo group. Interpretation: CVnCoV was efficacious in the prevention of COVID-19 of any severity and had an acceptable safety profile. Taking into account the changing environment, including the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, and timelines for further development, the decision has been made to cease activities on the CVnCoV candidate and to focus efforts on the development of next-generation vaccine candidates. Funding: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and CureVac