Annual report: the Czech Republic 2008 drug situation.

Commissioned each year by the EMCCDA and produced by the national focal points of the Reitox network, the National reports draw an overall picture of the drug phenomenon at national level in each EU Member State. These data are key information to the EMCCDA and are an important resource, among others, for the compilation of its Annual report

The Czech Surveillance System for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, 2008-2013: A Follow-Up Assessment and Sensitivity Estimation.

Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and mostly presents as pneumonia, sepsis or meningitis. A notable portion of IPD cases is vaccine preventable and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was introduced into the routine childhood immunization programs in many countries during the last decades.Before PCV introduction in the Czech Republic in 2010, a national surveillance system for IPD was implemented in 2008 and further improved in 2011. In this study, we describe the new surveillance system for the first time and measure its sensitivity between 2010 and 2013 using the capture-recapture method. Furthermore, we describe the recent epidemiological trend of IPD, taking sensitivity estimates into account.Between 2010 and 2013 the estimated sensitivity of the overall IPD surveillance increased from 81% to 99%. The sensitivity of individual reporting sources increased from 72% to 87% for the laboratory system and from 31% to 89% for the epidemiological notification system. Crucial for this improvement was the introduction of quarterly report reminders in 2011. Due to positive source dependency, the presented sensitivity estimates are most probably overestimated and reflect the upper limit of reporting completeness. Stratification showed variation in sensitivity of reporting particularly according to region. An effect of the PVC vaccination in the Czech Republic is visible in the incidence of IPD in target age groups (<5 y). This influence was not evident in the total IPD incidence and may interfere with increasing sensitivity of reporting. In 2013, an increase in the IPD incidence was observed. This finding requires further observation and a detailed vaccine impact analysis is needed to assess the current immunization strategy

Structure and levels of the Czech IPD surveillance system, based on two reporting sources.

<p>NRL = National Reference Laboratory for streptococcal infections, EPIDAT = Czech national epidemiological database, MoH = Ministry of Health, TESSy = The European Surveillance System.</p

Number of reported and estimated IPD cases in the CZ according to reporting source (EPIDAT, NRL) from 2010 to 2013.

<p>+ = captured by this source; - = not captured by this source.</p

Estimated sensitivity of IPD reporting stratified by region according to the Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics (NUTS 2), 2013, CZ.

<p>Error bars reflect 95% confidence intervals.</p

Timeline of events related to the introduction of PCV vaccination and IPD surveillance in the Czech Republic, 2005–2013.

<p>* Licensed and available on the private market.</p

Estimated reporting sensitivity of the Czech IPD surveillance system by source of reporting and in total, 2010 to 2013.

<p>Error bars reflect 95% confidence intervals.</p