Distribution of oxygen consumption by graded loads during ergonometric testing

Cardiopulmonary exercise monitoring is a valuable method not only for the evaluation of medical health, but also for the assessment of patients with cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction. Spiroergometry provides additional criteria for the assessment of cardiopulmonary efficiency compared to simple ergometry. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is the most critical variable during spiroergometry. Most submaximal exercise measures provide the heart rate (HR) response to predetermined workloads in equations or nomograms used to predict VO2max. According to previous studies, the heart rate is divided into five fields. In this paper, we are doing a new redistribution of heart rates-to-workloads into seven fields, corresponding to the ergo bar. In other words, an answer is given based on the initial anthropological values of the subjects, when and in which field there will be a mismatch between the lung capacity of the subjects and the power required for that field

Kvantificiranje mikrovaskularnih promjena u kroničnih bubrežnih bolesnika

Introduction. Ocular microvascular changes can be related to kidney deterioration in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We aimed to identify the association between retino-choroidal parameters and kidney deterioration in diabetics and non-diabetics. Methods. The study group consisted of CKD patients (cross-sectional study) with arterial hypertension with different stages of CKD. Complete eye examination was completed with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) scans of the macular region. According to the value of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and albuminuria, patients were divided into groups: low GFR (60ml/min) and CKD patients without albuminuria and CKD with micro or macroalbuminuria. Results. One hundred and six eyes of 106 chronic kidney disease patients were evaluated. The mean retinal thickness in GFR 60 ml/min group was 274,36±10,77 μ. OCTA showed lower deep vascular density (DVD ) in CKD with albuminuria versus CKD without albuminuria group (p < 0.001). Albuminuria was inversely related to choroidal and retinal thickness measures of superficial (SVD) and DVD . Conclusions. CKD is associated with retinal diluting and decreasing kidney function with reduction of retinal and choroidal vascular density.Uvod. Korioretinalne mikrovaskualrne promjene mogu biti povezane s bubrežnim oštećenjem u kroničnoj bubrežnoj bolesti (KBB). Rad istažuje udruženost korioretinalnih parametara i bubrežnog oštećenja u hipertoničara, dijabetičara i nedijabetičara s KBB. Metode. Presječna studija KBB pacijenata s arterijskom hipertenzijom različitog stupnja oštećenja funkcije u KBB. Skeniranje makularne regije na očima je izvedeno pomoću optičke koherentne tomografije angiografije (OCTA). Pacijenti su podijeljeni na grupe prema stopi glomerularne filtracije na GFR60ml/min, kao i na KBB pacijenti s albuminurijom i KBB pacijenti bez albuminurije. Rezultati. Evaluirano je 106 očiju KBB pacijenata. Srednja vrijednost retinalnog zadebljanja u grupi s GFR <60ml/min je 275,73±9,65 mikrona (μ), dok je u grupi s GFR>60ml/min 274,36±10,77μ. Pomoću OCTA skena prikazana je značajno niža duboka vaskularna gustoća (DVD ) retine u grupi KBB s albuminurijom u odnosu na grupu KBB bez albuminurije (p<0.001). Albuminurija je bila u negativnom odnosu s mjerama debljine koroida i retine, kao i indeksima površne vaskularne gustoće (SVD) i DVD -a. Zaključak. KBB je povezan s retinalnim zadebljanjima, a opadajuća funkcija bubrega s progresivnom redukcijom korioretinalnom vaskularnom gustoćom

INFLUENCE OF BASIC VARIABLES ON MICRONUCLEI FREQUENCY AND CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN GENERAL POPULATION OF FB&H

The aim of this study was to determine the values of micronuclei (MN) and structural chromosomal aberrations (CA) in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 200 healthy participants of both genders from general population of FB&H, as well as to explore the influence of gender and age on MN and CA frequencies. Standard protocols for MN test, cultivation and micronuclei analysis from peripheral blood binuclear lymphocytes have been applied. MN values ranged from 0 to 8 MN per 1000 binuclear cells. The results suggest that gender and age influence MN frequency, with pronounced effect on 2 MN frequencies. Females on average have higher values of all observed variables of MN test than men. We have also found significant effect of gender – females had increased number of CAs – chromatid type; and of the age in both genders. Frequency distribution of CTAs and CSAs between male and female groups showed predominance of CTAs over CSAs, independently of gender. The results of this study will be incorporated into reference data base for comparative research in future

SPOLNE RAZLIKE U RAZINI GLUKOZE U KRVI KOD ŠTAKORA NAKON VJEŽBE FORSIRANOG PLIVANJA

The aim of this study was to investigate possible differences in blood glucose levels between male and female rats immediately after acute bout of forced swimming exercise. Adult male Wistar rats (weight 300- 350 g) were divided into two groups by gender: males (n =8) and females (n =8). All the rats were given standard rat chow and tap water ad libitum and were housed at 25±3o C on a 12-hour dark/light cycle. Both groups of rats were exposed to forced swimming stress daily, for 6 days. Duration of each swimming session progressively increased from 5 minutes on the first day to 30 minutes on sixth day, allowing adaptation to swimming conditions. The rats were forced to swim in plastic tanks (90 cm wide, 120 cm deep) containing tap water (temperature ca. 25 degrees C). The depth of water was 40 cm. Seventh day we performed acute bout of 40 minutes swimming exercise. Animals were fasted 12 hours before start of last swimming sessions to obtain fasting blood glucose levels. Preexercise blood samples were taken immediately before last swimming session (7th day) and postexercise samples immediately after the last swimming session from rat\u27s tail vein. Glucose levels in blood were determined using Optium Xceed™ Diabetes Monitoring System (Abbot). Before last swimming session male rats had slightly lower glucose levels in comparation with female rats, but this difference was not statistically significant (3.77vs4.64 mmol/l). Acute bout of forced swimming exercise raised blood glucose level and established values in postexercise period were significantly higher in both study group in comparation to values before exercise. Male rats had greater postexercise glucose blood levels (11.85 mmol/l) in comparation with female rats (6.26 mmol/l). Our findings document the existence of gender impact on the glucose postexercise concentrations confirming the differences in the energy substrates utilization and glucose metabolism regulation during and after exercise.Cilj ove studije bio je istražiti moguće razlike razine glukoze u krvi izmeðu muških i ženskih štakora odmah nakon akutnog opterećenja vježbom forsiranog plivanja.: Odraslih muški štakori soja Wistar (prosječne mase 300-350 g) su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine po spolu: muški (n= 8) i ženski (n = 8). Svi štakori su dobili standardnu, komercijalnu hranu za štakore i vodu iz slavine ad libitum, a bili su smješteni na 25 ± 3 ° C na 12- satnom tamno / svijetlo ciklusu. Obje skupine štakora bila su izložene vježbama forsiranog plivanja,dnevno u trajanju od 6 dana. Trajanje svake sesije plivanja postupno se povećavalo sa 5 minuta prvog dana do 30 minuta šestog dana , čime se postigla prilagodba životinja na uslove plivanja. Sedmi dan smo izveli akutno opterećenje 40 minutnog forsiranog plivanja. Štakori su plivali u plastičnim spremnicima (90 cm širine, 120 cm dubine) koji su sadržavali vodu iz slavine (temperature približno 25 stupnjeva C). Dubina vode iznosila je 40 cm. Životinjama nismo davali hranu 12 sati prije početka posljednje sesije plivanja kako bi dobili razine glukoze u krvi natašte. Uzorci krvi za odreðivaje glukoze uzeti su neposredno prije posljednje sesije plivanja (7.dan) i neposredno nakon posljednje sesije plivanja iz repne vene štakora. Razine glukoze u krvi utvrðene su pomoću Optium ™ Xceed Dijabetes sustava praćenja (Abbot) . U uzetim uzorcima krvi neposredno prije posljedenje sesije plivanja utvrðene su nešto niže razine glukoze kod muških u usporedbi s ženskim štakorima, ali ta razlika nije bila statistički značajna (3.77vs4.64 mmol /l). Akutno opterećenje vježbom forsiranog plivanja podiglo je razinu glukoze u krvi i srednje vrijednosti u uzorku uzetom neposredno nakon posljednje sesije plivanja bile su značajno više u obje skupine u usporedbi s vrijednostima prije vježbanja. Muški štakori imali su značajno veću razinu glukoze u krvi (11,85mmol / L) u usporedbi sa ženskim štakorima (6,26 mmol / L). Naši rezultati ukazuju na uticaj spola na razinu glukoze nakon fizičkog opterećenja potvrðujući spolne razlike u iskorištavanju energetskog supstrata i i regulaciji metabolizma glukoze u toku i nakon vježbanja

Effect of atorvastatin on systolic and diastolic function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)

Aim To investigate the benefit of high-dose lipophilic statin therapy on cardiac remodelling, function and progression of heart failure (HF) in patients with ischemic heart disease. Methods A total of 80 patients with ischemic HF diagnosis were followed during 6 months, and they were divided in two groups. First group (n=40) was treated by high-dose lipophilic statin therapy (atorvastatin 40 mg) and conventional therapy for HF, while the second group (n=40) had no atorvastatin in the therapy. Results In the beginning of study, from all of the observed parameters, only the ratio of flow rates in early and late diastole (E/A ratio) differed between the test groups (p=0.007). After six months, a statistically significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVIDD) in patients who had not been treated with atorvastatin was found. In the patients treated with atorvastatin, there was a significant reduction in basal right ventricle diameter in diastole and systole (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively), and in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (p<0.001); there was a reduction in LVIDD (p<0.001), and an increase of ejection fraction of the left ventricle according to Teicholtz and Simpson (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Also, there was an increase of deceleration time of early diastolic velocity (DTE) (p<0.05) and a decrease of isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (p<0.001). Conclusion The reduction in the right and left ventricle diameters was noted after the six-month atorvastatin therapy. Atorvastatin in the therapy resulted in increased EFLV and better systolic function and should be a part of a therapeutic modality of HF

PERIPHERAL 8-ISO-PGF2α AS A BIOMARKER IN BOSNIAN PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND VASCULAR DEMENTIA

Background: Cerebrospinal levels of isoprostanes (IsoPs) have been established as biomarkers of oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). The value of peripheral levels in the diagnostics of these diseases is less conclusive. The aim of this study was to determine serum 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2α) levels in Bosnian AD and VD patients and to establish whether there is an association between 8-iso-PGF2α serum concentration and cognitive impairment (CI) in patients with dementia. Subjects and methods: Serum levels of 8-iso-PGF2α were measured by enzyme immunoassay method in AD (n=30) and VD patients (n=30) and control subjects (CG, n=30). The AD and VD group were further stratified according to the level of CI. Results: The serum 8-iso-PGF2α levels were significantly higher in the AD (74.00 pg/mL) and VD groups (38.00 pg/mL) compared to the CG (17.50 pg/mL). A significant difference in serum 8-iso-PGF2α levels between patients with moderate and severe CI was not established in either AD or VD. Conclusion: Serum 8-iso-PGF2α proved to be a good biomarker in AD and VD, however it cannot be recommended for the differentiation of moderate and severe CI

SPOLNE RAZLIKE U RAZINI GLUKOZE U KRVI KOD ŠTAKORA NAKON VJEŽBE FORSIRANOG PLIVANJA

The aim of this study was to investigate possible differences in blood glucose levels between male and female rats immediately after acute bout of forced swimming exercise. Adult male Wistar rats (weight 300- 350 g) were divided into two groups by gender: males (n =8) and females (n =8). All the rats were given standard rat chow and tap water ad libitum and were housed at 25±3o C on a 12-hour dark/light cycle. Both groups of rats were exposed to forced swimming stress daily, for 6 days. Duration of each swimming session progressively increased from 5 minutes on the first day to 30 minutes on sixth day, allowing adaptation to swimming conditions. The rats were forced to swim in plastic tanks (90 cm wide, 120 cm deep) containing tap water (temperature ca. 25 degrees C). The depth of water was 40 cm. Seventh day we performed acute bout of 40 minutes swimming exercise. Animals were fasted 12 hours before start of last swimming sessions to obtain fasting blood glucose levels. Preexercise blood samples were taken immediately before last swimming session (7th day) and postexercise samples immediately after the last swimming session from rat\u27s tail vein. Glucose levels in blood were determined using Optium Xceed™ Diabetes Monitoring System (Abbot). Before last swimming session male rats had slightly lower glucose levels in comparation with female rats, but this difference was not statistically significant (3.77vs4.64 mmol/l). Acute bout of forced swimming exercise raised blood glucose level and established values in postexercise period were significantly higher in both study group in comparation to values before exercise. Male rats had greater postexercise glucose blood levels (11.85 mmol/l) in comparation with female rats (6.26 mmol/l). Our findings document the existence of gender impact on the glucose postexercise concentrations confirming the differences in the energy substrates utilization and glucose metabolism regulation during and after exercise.Cilj ove studije bio je istražiti moguće razlike razine glukoze u krvi izmeðu muških i ženskih štakora odmah nakon akutnog opterećenja vježbom forsiranog plivanja.: Odraslih muški štakori soja Wistar (prosječne mase 300-350 g) su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine po spolu: muški (n= 8) i ženski (n = 8). Svi štakori su dobili standardnu, komercijalnu hranu za štakore i vodu iz slavine ad libitum, a bili su smješteni na 25 ± 3 ° C na 12- satnom tamno / svijetlo ciklusu. Obje skupine štakora bila su izložene vježbama forsiranog plivanja,dnevno u trajanju od 6 dana. Trajanje svake sesije plivanja postupno se povećavalo sa 5 minuta prvog dana do 30 minuta šestog dana , čime se postigla prilagodba životinja na uslove plivanja. Sedmi dan smo izveli akutno opterećenje 40 minutnog forsiranog plivanja. Štakori su plivali u plastičnim spremnicima (90 cm širine, 120 cm dubine) koji su sadržavali vodu iz slavine (temperature približno 25 stupnjeva C). Dubina vode iznosila je 40 cm. Životinjama nismo davali hranu 12 sati prije početka posljednje sesije plivanja kako bi dobili razine glukoze u krvi natašte. Uzorci krvi za odreðivaje glukoze uzeti su neposredno prije posljednje sesije plivanja (7.dan) i neposredno nakon posljednje sesije plivanja iz repne vene štakora. Razine glukoze u krvi utvrðene su pomoću Optium ™ Xceed Dijabetes sustava praćenja (Abbot) . U uzetim uzorcima krvi neposredno prije posljedenje sesije plivanja utvrðene su nešto niže razine glukoze kod muških u usporedbi s ženskim štakorima, ali ta razlika nije bila statistički značajna (3.77vs4.64 mmol /l). Akutno opterećenje vježbom forsiranog plivanja podiglo je razinu glukoze u krvi i srednje vrijednosti u uzorku uzetom neposredno nakon posljednje sesije plivanja bile su značajno više u obje skupine u usporedbi s vrijednostima prije vježbanja. Muški štakori imali su značajno veću razinu glukoze u krvi (11,85mmol / L) u usporedbi sa ženskim štakorima (6,26 mmol / L). Naši rezultati ukazuju na uticaj spola na razinu glukoze nakon fizičkog opterećenja potvrðujući spolne razlike u iskorištavanju energetskog supstrata i i regulaciji metabolizma glukoze u toku i nakon vježbanja

Can neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and proatherogenic risk factors improve the accuracy of pneumonia severity index in the prediction of community acquired pneumonia outcome in healthy individuals?

Aim To investigate influence of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and proatherogenic risk factors to improve the accuracy of pneumonia severity index (PSI) in the prediction of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) outcome in healthy individuals. Methods A retrospective observational cross-sectional study conducted at the Clinic for Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis “Podhrastovi”, University Clinical Centre Sarajevo, included 83 patients with the diagnosis of CAP during the period March 2019-March 2021. Once diagnosed with CAP, PSI score was calculated and according to its value the need for hospital treatment was identified. Patients were divided in two groups: low risk of CAP (PSI 90). Results The overall average hospital stay was 22.76±10.154 days. In the patients diagnosed with CAP, a positive correlation was established between the following parameters PSI score and age (r=0.670; p<0.01), C-reactive protein-CRP (rho=0.287; p<0.01), leukocytes (rho=0.406; p<0.01), NLR (rho=0.313; p<0.01) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (0.296; p<0.05). CRP, leukocytes, NLR and PLR were statistically significantly higher in patients with high risk of CAP compared to patients with low risk of CAP. Diastolic blood pressure, lymphocytes, eosinophils were significantly lower in patients with high risk of CAP (p<0.05;) compared to patients with low risk of CAP (p<0.01). The optimal cut-off value of NLR for CAP patients was 3.089 with an estimated area under curve (AUC) of 0.664. Conclusion Proatherogenic parameters such as age, systolic blood pressure and leukocytes in combination with neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio could improve accuracy of the pneumonia severity index in community acquired pneumonia outcome

Relationship between depression and quality of life after myocardial infarction

Aim To examine the prevalence of depression in patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as well as the relationship between the depression and quality of life. Methods The survey was conducted via sociodemographic questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Short Form 36 Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36). The result of SF-36 is expressed in subscales that make up the health status profile, i.e. physical functioning, physical role, emotional role, social functioning, mental health, vitality, pain and general health. Results The study included 120 patients, of which 70 males and 50 females aged between 41 and 88 years (mean 64.73±11.218). All patients were hospitalized at the Clinical Centre of the University of Sarajevo, Clinic for Cardiovascular Disease and Rheumatism, due to complications caused by AMI. After AMI 59 (49.17%) patients had depression. Depression was negatively associated with physical functioning, physical role, emotional role, social functioning, mental health, vitality, pain and general health. Physical functioning (r= -0.701; p<0.01) and physical role (r = -0.538; p<0.01) had the highest correlation with depression. Conclusion The evaluation of depressive symptoms after AMI is imperative, because the appearance of symptoms could have an effect on the patient's quality of life