How to use data swapping to create useful dummy data for panel datasets

"Many research data centres (RDCs) provide access to micro data by means of onsite use and remote execution of programs. An efficient usage of these modes of data access requires the researchers to have dummy data, which allows them to familiarize with the real data. These dummy data must be anonymous and look the same as the original data, but they do not have to render valid results. For complex datasets such as panel data or linked data, the creation of useful dummy data is not trivial. In this paper we suggest to use data swapping with constraints in order to keep some consistency and correlation between variables within crosssections and over time. It is easy to be implemented even for datasets with many variables and many survey waves." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))Prüfverfahren, Datenzugang, Datenaufbereitung - Test, IAB-Betriebspanel, Panel, IAB-Betriebs-Historik-Panel

Moralische Kategorien und institutioneller Wandel : Die Regulierung des Derivatehandels in den USA

Die Literatur zur Regulierung von Finanzmärkten hebt insbesondere die Macht der Finanzindustrie gegenüber staatlichen Akteuren sowie die geringe Salienz des Themenbereiches hervor, um das Fehlen verbindlicher Regeln zu erklären. Der Derivatehandel gilt als Paradebeispiel für solche Argumente – zählt es doch zu den komplexesten Bereichen des Finanzmarktes bei einer gleichzeitig starken Industrielobby. Jedoch lässt sich im Falle der US-Derivateregulierung mit dem Dodd-Frank Act 2010 beobachten, dass Politiker verbindliche Regeln gegen den Protest der Finanzindustrie durchgesetzt haben. Die neuen Regeln decken sich vielmehr mit den Präferenzen von ressourcenschwächeren Interessengruppen. Diese Arbeit argumentiert, dass Marktteilnehmer nicht nur auf materielle Ressourcen, sondern auch auf moralische Akzeptanz angewiesen sind. Institutioneller Wandel wird möglich, wenn es Gegnern des Status quo gelingt, eine dominante Industrie in eine Legitimitätskrise zu stürzen. Durch die Verbindung von Einsichten der Wirtschaftssoziologie zu moralischen Konflikten auf Märkten mit polit-ökonomischen Ansätzen wird ein viergliedriger Mechanismus konzeptionalisiert, der eine Machtverschiebung aufgrund einer Delegitimierung beschreibt. Die Präsenz des Kausalmechanismus wird mit einer theorietestenden Prozessanalyse im „least likely“-Fall der US-Derivateregulierung aufgezeigt. Die Dissertation beleuchtet zum einen die moralischen Debatten, welche die Reform des Derivatehandels vor und während der Finanzkrise begleitet haben und gibt zum anderen eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der variierenden Macht von gesellschaftlichen Akteuren: Unternehmen als auch Konsumentenorganisationen benötigen moralische Legitimität, um Einfluss zu erlangen beziehungsweise aufrechtzuerhalten

CYP3A7*1C allele: linking premenopausal oestrone and progesterone levels with risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancers

Funder: Breast Cancer Now (BCN); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100009794Funder: Cancer Research UK (CRUK); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000289Funder: RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000265Funder: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)Funder: Wellcome Trust (Wellcome); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100004440Funder: EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013)); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100011199; Grant(s): HEALTH-F2-2009-223175, HEALTH-F2-2009-223175Funder: Genome Canada (Génome Canada); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100008762Funder: Gouvernement du Canada | Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Instituts de Recherche en Santé du Canada); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000024Funder: Quebec Breast cancer Foundation Genome QuebecFunder: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/100000092Funder: EC | EC Seventh Framework Programm | FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (FP7-IDEAS-ERC - Specific Programme: "Ideas" Implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration Activities (2007 to 2013))Funder: European Union’s Horizon 2020Funder: Deutsche Krebshilfe (German Cancer Aid); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100005972Funder: BCAST - European Union’s Horizon 2020Funder: Breast Cancer Now; doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100007913Abstract: Background: Epidemiological studies provide strong evidence for a role of endogenous sex hormones in the aetiology of breast cancer. The aim of this analysis was to identify genetic variants that are associated with urinary sex-hormone levels and breast cancer risk. Methods: We carried out a genome-wide association study of urinary oestrone-3-glucuronide and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide levels in 560 premenopausal women, with additional analysis of progesterone levels in 298 premenopausal women. To test for the association with breast cancer risk, we carried out follow-up genotyping in 90,916 cases and 89,893 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium. All women were of European ancestry. Results: For pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, there were no genome-wide significant associations; for oestrone-3-glucuronide, we identified a single peak mapping to the CYP3A locus, annotated by rs45446698. The minor rs45446698-C allele was associated with lower oestrone-3-glucuronide (−49.2%, 95% CI −56.1% to −41.1%, P = 3.1 × 10–18); in follow-up analyses, rs45446698-C was also associated with lower progesterone (−26.7%, 95% CI −39.4% to −11.6%, P = 0.001) and reduced risk of oestrogen and progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.82–0.91, P = 6.9 × 10–8). Conclusions: The CYP3A7*1C allele is associated with reduced risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer possibly mediated via an effect on the metabolism of endogenous sex hormones in premenopausal women

Mobilizing moral boundaries: the politics of derivatives reform in the US

This paper explains the reform of derivatives markets in the US by stressing the influence of moral distinctions on financial market regulation. The results show that business and consumer groups outside finance activate boundaries between legitimate risk management and illegitimate speculative practices. This categorical distinction delegitimised certain practices within the financial industry and affected both the relative power of interest groups and the political agenda. First, the mobilisation of moral boundaries strengthened the position of legitimate groups and weakened that of the financial industry in negotiations. This forced the latter to alter its lobbying strategies. Second, by highlighting inappropriate speculative practices, groups outside the financial sector changed policy-makers' perception of problems. Policy-makers adopted a position which is congruent with broader moral understandings. The study is based on data from Congressional hearings, interviews, media articles, letters and interest group publications. The process tracing analysis advances our understanding of the social mechanisms linking moral perceptions and institutional change in financial markets

Fictional expectations and the global media in the Greek debt crisis

We study the role of global media during the Greek debt crisis and relate it to the transmission of events on financial actors' expectations. To identify news coverage about the Greek debt crisis, we apply topic modeling to a newly compiled dataset of over 430,000 articles from The International New York Times and Financial Times from 2009 to 2015. We identify a Greek debt crisis topic and relate it to events concerning Greece during this time period. Our finding is that events are only relevant for financial markets when they are covered in the media, whereas events without media coverage have no effect. News coverage without immediate events is equally irrelevant for financial markets

Fictional Expectations and the Global Media in the Greek Debt Crisis: A Topic Modeling Approach

oai:emporion.gswg.info:emporion_mods_00000023Data appendix to: Volker Daniel/Magnus Neubert/Agnes Orban: Fictional Expectations and the Global Media in the Greek Debt Crisis: A Topic Modeling Approach, in: Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 59 (2018)/2, S. 525-566. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2018-0018 We study the role of global media during the Greek debt crisis and relate it to the transmission of events on financial actors’ expectations. To identify news coverage about the Greek debt crisis, we apply topic modeling to a newly com- piled dataset of over 430,000 articles from The International New York Times and Financial Times from 2009 to 2015. We identify a Greek debt crisis topic and relate it to events concerning Greece during this time period. Our finding is that events are only relevant for financial markets when they are covered in the media, whereas events without media coverage have no effect. News coverage without immediate events is equally irrelevant for financial markets

From Economic Gains to Social Losses: How Stories Shape Expectations in the Case of German Municipal Finance

This paper analyzes how stories shaped treasurers' expectations in municipal swap activities and contributes to the sociological debate on the mechanisms of expectation formation. Employing adeductive variant of process tracing, it synthesizes the literature on expectations in economic decision making with the literature on the diffusion of ideas, myths, and fashions in organization theory and management studies. The swap story has spread since the mid-1990s among German municipalities. At the heart of this story is the replacement of traditional borrowing with active portfolio optimization; financial instruments known as swaps play aleading role. This paper examines how stories shape expectations. Specifically, it delves into how the swap story, as asolution to the financial woes of local governments, shaped these governments' expectations despite the uncertainty resulting from the instruments' complexity. We argue that the effect of stories on expectations depends on timing. Expectations at an early stage are shaped by economic analyses to reduce uncertainty, while expectations at alater stage are primarily shaped by societal pressures and an established trend. These two distinct mechanisms produce expectations related to economic and social consequences, respectively. Selecting four typical cases, our analysis confirms that stories affected the formation of treasurers' expectations regarding the use of swaps through these different mechanisms. ZusammenfassungDieses Papier analysiert, wie Stories die Erwartungen von Stadtkammerern bei dem Abschluss von Swapgeschaften gepragt haben, und tragt somit zur soziologischen Debatte uber die kausalen Mechanismen der Erwartungsbildung bei. Unter Verwendung einer deduktiven Variante der Prozessanalyse wird die Literatur zu Erwartungen bei okonomischer Entscheidungsfindung mit den Konzepten der Diffusion von Ideen, Mythen und Fashions aus der Organisationstheorie und Betriebswirtschaft zusammengefuhrt. Die Swap-Story verbreitete sich seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre unter deutschen Kommunen. Im Zentrum steht dabei das Ersetzen eines traditionellen passiven Umgangs mit Schulden durch ein aktives Portfoliomanagement, bei dem die als Swaps bekannten Finanzinstrumente eine entscheidende Rolle einnehmen. Diese Studie geht der Frage nach, wie die Erwartungen der Kommunen durch die Swap-Story als Losung ihrer fiskalischen Probleme beeinflusst wurden, obwohl die Instrumente mit extremer Ungewissheit behaftet sind. Wir argumentieren, dass der Effekt von Stories auf Erwartungen von der zeitlichen Dimension abhangt. Wahrend Erwartungen in einer fruhen Phase der Einfuhrung von okonomischen Analysen gepragt sind, um Unsicherheit zu reduzieren, so sind sie in einer spateren Phase primar von gesellschaftlichem Druck und einem bereits etablierten Trend beeinflusst. Diese zwei verschiedenen Mechanismen erzeugen Erwartungen, die jeweils okonomischen sowie sozialen Konsequenzen zugehorig sind. Unsere Analyse verifiziert anhand vier ausgewahlter typischer Falle, dass Stories die Erwartungsbildung von Kammerern hinsichtlich der Nutzung von Swaps durch diese verschiedenen Mechanismen beeinflussen