3,496 research outputs found

    Why France Needs to Collect Data on Racial Identity... In a French Way

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    French constitutional law, which embraces equality as a founding principle, prohibits the state from collecting data about race, ethnicity or religion, and French culture is deeply averse to the legitimacy of racial identity. France is thus, in American parlance, officially color-blind. But in France, as in the United States, the principle of color-blindness masks a deeply colorconscious society, in which race and ethnicity are closely linked to discrimination and disadvantage. French law, and Frenchincorporated European law, requires the state to prohibit discrimination, including indirect discrimination. But in the absence of racial identity data, it is difficult for the state to uncover such discrimination. This paper examines how discrimination is measured in the United States, and suggests that some of the methods used in the United States are available in France despite the limitations imposed by French law. In some cases, these methods are already in use. I conclude that France must broaden its use of existing methods for measuring discrimination, and must adopt new methods, in order to comply with its obligation to address the problem of racial and ethnic inequality

    Photograph 51, Rosalind Franklin and DNA Structure

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    The Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine was awarded in 1962 to Watson, Crick and Wilkins, after the death of Rosalind Franklin who passed away in 1958. This mini-review focuses on Franklin’s contributions to the double helix discovery. The title of this paper, Photograph 51, describes a x-ray diffraction image of DNA (B form) taken by Franklin and her graduate student Raymond Gosling (Note 1). Its importance will be described, as well as Franklin’s other contributions to the double helix discovery. Of immense importance is what Crick and Watson themselves said: Without Franklin’s data, “the formulation of our structure would have been most unlikely, if not impossible” (Note 2). This statement makes it clear that Franklin rightly deserves to be the 4th partner in the discovery of the structure of DNA, along with Crick, Watson and Wilkins

    Classic Experiments in Education Technology

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    Classic experiments in Biomedicine are presented that inspire students to enthusiastically continue in this field, written by a U.S. Presidential Award winning, American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow. Four experiments are selected: the structure of DNA, the structure of the cell membrane, sugars in cell adhesion, and unconventional dealing with a deadly cancer problem. Papers, written mostly by students, from the author’s lab are also included that support the concept that students will enter a science research field if they are introduced to it by easy to read, enjoyable, papers. Some of the author’s papers strongly support one of the Classics presented, the role of sugars in cell adhesion. Using these Classics to teach students at all levels is presented, as the author has used them for decades, helping him win a US Presidential Award for Mentoring and supporting his election as Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (Note 1). This approach helps students to understand the personalities involved in great discoveries, making them unforgettable

    California\u27s Anti-Discrimination Legislation, Proposition 14, and the Constitutional Protection of Minority Rights: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the California Fair Employment and Housing Act

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    Fifty years ago, in 1959, the State of California outlawed racial discrimination in employment. But it took the California Legislature four more years to prohibit racial discrimination in private housing, and the immediate response was a successful campaign by the real-estate industry to repeal the law through a voter initiative. This essay tells the story of that campaign and the courageous judicial decisions that nullified the initiative
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