146 research outputs found
A search for the superburst oscillation signal in the regular thermonuclear bursts of 4U 1636-536
Burst oscillations are brightness asymmetries that develop in the burning
ocean during thermonuclear bursts on accreting neutron stars. They have been
observed during H/He-triggered (Type I) bursts and Carbon-triggered
superbursts. The mechanism responsible is not unknown, but the dominant burst
oscillation frequency is typically within a few Hz of the spin frequency, where
this is independently known. One of the best-studied burst oscillation sources,
4U 1636-536, has oscillations at in both its regular Type I
bursts and in one superburst. Recently however, Strohmayer \& Mahmoodifar
reported the discovery of an additional signal at a higher frequency,
, during the superburst. This higher frequency is consistent
with the predictions for several types of global ocean mode, one of the
possible burst oscillation mechanisms. If this is the case then the same
physical mechanism may operate in the normal Type I bursts of this source. In
this paper we report a stacked search for periodic signals in the regular Type
I bursts: we found no significant signal at the higher frequency, with upper
limits for the single trial root mean square (rms) fractional amplitude of
0.57(6)\%. Our analysis did however reveal that the dominant
burst oscillation signal is present at a weak level even in the sample of
bursts where it cannot be detected in individual bursts. This indicates that
any cutoff in the burst oscillation mechanism occurs below the detection
threshold of existing X-ray telescopes.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication by Ap
A cooling neutron star crust after recurrent outbursts: Modelling the accretion outburst history of Aql X-1
With our neutron star crust cooling code {\tt NSCool} we track the thermal
evolution of the neutron star in Aql X-1 over the full accretion outburst
history from 1996 until 2015. For the first time, we model many outbursts (23
outbursts were detected) collectively and in great detail. This allows us to
investigate the influence of previous outbursts on the internal temperature
evolution and to test different neutron star crust cooling scenarios. Aql X-1
is an ideal test source for this purpose, because it shows frequent, short
outbursts and thermally dominated quiescence spectra. The source goes into
outburst roughly once a year for a few months.
Assuming that the quiescent {\it Swift}/XRT observations of Aql X-1 can be
explained within the crust cooling scenario (Waterhouse et al. 2016), we find
three main conclusions. Firstly, the data are well reproduced by our model if
the envelope composition and shallow heating parameters are allowed to change
between outbursts. This is not the case if both shallow heating parameters
(strength and depth) are tied throughout all accretion episodes, supporting
earlier results that the properties of the shallow heating mechanism are not
constant between outbursts. Second, from our models shallow heating could not
be connected to one specific spectral state during outburst. Third, and most
importantly, we find that the neutron star in Aql X-1 does not have enough time
between outbursts to cool down to crust-core equilibrium and that heating
during one outburst influences the cooling curves of the next.Comment: 20 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA
Further constraints on neutron star crustal properties in the low-mass X-ray binary 1RXS J180408.9342058
We report on two new quiescent {\it XMM-Newton} observations (in addition to
the earlier {\it Swift}/XRT and {\it XMM-Newton} coverage) of the cooling
neutron star crust in the low-mass X-ray binary 1RXS J180408.9342058. Its
crust was heated during the 4.5 month accretion outburst of the source.
From our quiescent observations, fitting the spectra with a neutron star
atmosphere model, we found that the crust had cooled from 100 eV to
73 eV from 8 days to 479 days after the end of its outburst.
However, during the most recent observation, taken 860 days after the end
of the outburst, we found that the crust appeared not to have cooled further.
This suggested that the crust had returned to thermal equilibrium with the
neutron star core. We model the quiescent thermal evolution with the
theoretical crustal cooling code NSCool and find that the source requires a
shallow heat source, in addition to the standard deep crustal heating
processes, contributing 0.9 MeV per accreted nucleon during outburst to
explain its observed temperature decay. Our high quality {\it XMM-Newton} data
required an additional hard component to adequately fit the spectra. This
slightly complicates our interpretation of the quiescent data of 1RXS
J180408.9342058. The origin of this component is not fully understood.Comment: Accepted for publication by MNRA
A window into the neutron star: Modelling the cooling of accretion heated neutron star crusts
In accreting neutron star X-ray transients, the neutron star crust can be
substantially heated out of thermal equilibrium with the core during an
accretion outburst. The observed subsequent cooling in quiescence (when
accretion has halted) offers a unique opportunity to study the structure and
thermal properties of the crust. Initially crust cooling modelling studies
focussed on transient X-ray binaries with prolonged accretion outbursts (> 1
year) such that the crust would be significantly heated for the cooling to be
detectable. Here we present the results of applying a theoretical model to the
observed cooling curve after a short accretion outburst of only ~10 weeks. In
our study we use the 2010 outburst of the transiently accreting 11 Hz X-ray
pulsar in the globular cluster Terzan 5. Observationally it was found that the
crust in this source was still hot more than 4 years after the end of its short
accretion outburst. From our modelling we found that such a long-lived hot
crust implies some unusual crustal properties such as a very low thermal
conductivity (> 10 times lower than determined for the other crust cooling
sources). In addition, we present our preliminary results of the modelling of
the ongoing cooling of the neutron star in MXB 1659-298. This transient X-ray
source went back into quiescence in March 2017 after an accretion phase of ~1.8
years. We compare our predictions for the cooling curve after this outburst
with the cooling curve of the same source obtained after its previous outburst
which ended in 2001.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure, to appear in the proceedings of "IAUS 337: Pulsar
Astrophysics - The Next 50 Years" eds: P. Weltevrede, B.B.P. Perera, L. Levin
Preston & S. Sanida
Neutron star crust cooling in KS 1731-260:the influence of accretion outburst variability on the crustal temperature evolution
A Search for the 835 Hz Superburst Oscillation Signal in the Regular Thermonuclear Bursts of 4U 1636-536
Quiescent X-ray variability in the neutron star Be/X-ray transient GRO J1750-27
The Be/X-ray transient GRO J1750-27 exhibited a type-II (giant) outburst in
2015. After the source transited to quiescence, we triggered our multi-year
Chandra monitoring programme to study its quiescent behaviour. The programme
was designed to follow the cooling of a potentially heated neutron-star crust
due to accretion of matter during the preceding outburst, similar to what we
potentially have observed before in two other Be/X-ray transients, namely 4U
0115+63 and V 0332+53. However, unlike for these other two systems, we do not
find any strong evidence that the neutron-star crust in GRO J1750-27 was indeed
heated during the accretion phase. We detected the source at a rather low X-ray
luminosity (~10^33 erg/s) during only three of our five observations. When the
source was not detected it had very low-luminosity upper limits (<10^32 erg/s;
depending on assumed spectral model). We interpret these detections and the
variability observed as emission likely due to very low-level accretion onto
the neutron star. We also discuss why the neutron-star crust in GRO J1750-27
might not have been heated while the ones in 4U 0115+63 and V 0332+53 possibly
were.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for A&
Current methods of diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures
Fractures of the scaphoid bone mainly occur in young adults and constitute 2-7% of all fractures. The specific blood supply in combination with the demanding functional requirements can easily lead to disturbed fracture healing. Displaced scaphoid fractures are seen on radiographs. The diagnostic strategy of suspected scaphoid fractures, however, is surrounded by controversy. Bone scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography have their shortcomings. Early treatment leads to a better outcome. Scaphoid fractures can be treated conservatively and operatively. Proximal scaphoid fractures and displaced scaphoid fractures have a worse outcome and might be better off with an open or closed reduction and internal fixation. The incidence of scaphoid non-unions has been reported to be between 5 and 15%. Non-unions are mostly treated operatively by restoring the anatomy to avoid degenerative wrist arthritis
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