‘This Is Not a Problem but an Issue’:Chinese-Born Table Tennis Players Representing Another Country at the Olympics, 1988–2020

Table tennis was first included in the Olympic program at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. During the period 1988 to 2020, 811 athletes participated in the Olympic Games. Of these, a staggering 127 China-born table tennis players represented countries other than China at the Olympics. Collectively, these China-born athletes have officially earned these non-Chinese nations eight silver and seven bronze medals. Women have consistently migrated more than men. Did the number of China-born table tennis players who represent another country increase between 1988 and 2020, or was there a decline in numbers following the introduction of stricter eligibility rules in 2008? What are the major destination countries for China-born table tennis players? Through the life and stories of athletes, this study seeks to clarify that most of them obtained their new citizenship via ius domicilii and ius matrimony, meaning that they were naturalized through marriage or residency in their new countries. In short, we conclude that these athletes left China because of the extraordinary talent pool and their ambition to perform in an international event, such as the Olympics, in combination with existing diasporic migration corridors.</p

Negotiating Hinduism in East Africa, 1860-1960

This paper describes how Hindus in East Africa developed from ‘South Asians in Africa’ to ‘Asian Africans’ between 1880-1960. It shows how the Hindu community in East Africa realised their own geographical spaces and areas of interaction. The various cultural encounters of Hindus traders and businessmen with African, Arab and European communities may have been economically profitable, but they harmed cultural pillars of Hindu identity, like notions of caste, purity, food habits and marriage patterns. Obviously, this was not a harmonious process, but one with conflicts in which painful decisions had to be made and legitimised. For others, however, it was an opportunity to free themselves from the burden of religious patronage. The research is based on the history of more than twenty Hindu Lohana families who have lived in East Africa for three generations or more

Prototype solar heating and cooling systems, including potable hot water

Progress made in the development, delivery, and support of two prototype solar heating and cooling systems including potable hot water is reported. The system consists of the following subsystems: collector, auxiliary heating, potable hot water, storage, control, transport, and government-furnished site data acquisition. A comparison of the proposed Solaron Heat Pump and Solar Desiccant Heating and Cooling Systems, installation drawings, data on the Akron House at Akron, Ohio, and other program activities are included

Settled Strangers:Asian Business Elites in East Africa (1800–2000)

Settled Strangers aims at understanding the social, economic and political evolution of the transnational migrant community of Gujarati traders and merchants in East Africa. The history of South Asians in East Africa is neither part of the mainstream national Indian history nor that of East African history writing. This is surprising because South Asians in East Africa outnumbered the Europeans ten-to-one. Moreover, their overall economic contribution and political significance may be more important than the history of the colonisers.This book is an attempt to provide some balance in the form of a history of the South Asians in East Africa through the lens of the actors themselves. It studies the kind of social, economic and political adjustments the emigrant Gujaratis had to make in the course of this migration. By using insights from the social sciences, including concepts like cultural capital, family firm, transnationality, middleman minorities and cultural change, this book aims to achieve a broader understanding of communities that do not belong to nations, yet are part of national states

Gujarati Asians in East Africa, 1880-2000: Colonisation, de-colonisation and complex citizenship issues

Summary In this paper, I argue that despite the general belief to the contrary, there is a great deal of continuity in the history of the colonial and post-colonial practice of citizenship in the Indian Ocean region. This debate is usually described from the perspective of the state and its representatives. Indeed, more often than not, the position of the migrants themselves is not discussed. This paper aims to fill this gap. In the case of the South Asians in East Africa, I will demonstrate that migrants were able to negotiate their own space for identity formation and accepting and changing formal citizenship options. Indeed, they were also able to negotiate with colonial officials and, after the 1960s, Britain, Canada, India and even the United Nations about defending their rights as citizens or agreeing new regulations for international migration and citizenship. The debate on citizenship and belonging has become the centre of academic and public debate since the 1990s in Europe and the US. However, historical cases in colonial contexts might shed some light on long-term continuity in such discussions

Patient-specific distal radioulnar joint arthroplasty:Towards a novel implant design using four-dimensional computed tomography

The distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is vital for multiple activities of daily life. A malunited distal radius fracture or hereditary disease can lead to osteoarthritis. In this instance the last treatment where a functional joint remains is arthroplasty. During a surgical procedure the joint is replaced by an implant. Unfortunately, the most prevalent implant is suspected to change the forearm’s motion pattern. Moreover, it suffers from a high complication rate and often needs revision surgery.In this thesis, a new approach to DRUJ arthroplasty is described where the motion pattern of the patient is defined such that it can be used to develop a patient-specific implant. To investigate the motion of the forearm, four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) was used. The methodological error of 4D-CT was first validated. Subsequently, kinematic parameters like the forearm rotation axis, radius translation along the ulna and radius rotation about its own longitudinal axis were quantified. To be able to design a patient-specific implant, a reference must be present. An obvious choice would be the contralateral forearm. A review was conducted to analyze similarity regarding geometry and function. This review was supplemented by a study comparing intraindividual kinematics in healthy forearms. Both studies revealed high bilateral symmetry. Next, a patient study was conducted to determine the kinematic changes in patients with the most prevalent implant. It was found that the implant was incapable of restoring the healthy forearm’s motion pattern. Finally, the kinematic differences were reviewed with respect to complications that occurred during patient follow-up

Clothing Matters: Asian-African Businessmen in European Suits 1880-1980

Summary Asian businessmen in East Africa supplied goods, services and capital to African, Arabic, Asian and European customers, traders and other businessmen. In this complex cultural environment, they had to choose what to wear on any given what occasion. Expressing dignity, wealth, trust and reliability are key variables in making cross-cultural business contacts and building an appropriate image. When they arrived in East Africa between 1880 and 1920, Hindus and Muslims alike wore their own traditional attire, headwear and footwear, or no shoes at all. When they left Africa – around 1970- they wore a typical European business suit, including a tie and shined black shoes. In this article I explain the changing dress habits of Asian businessmen in East Africa as a result of –among others- the change in political environment from European colonies to African states, and the shift in economic preferences from dealing with India to dealing with Europe. Nevertheless, these factors should not be seen as a social economic structure imposed from above. This article shows that adopting a European dress style was a way to demonstrate an ability to modernise, move with the times. In the context of Asians in East Africa, it should be emphasised that European clothes are an indication of their „progressive‟ ideas, but must also be seen as a critique of their own culture