Internal audit functions in Singapore : existence, outsourcing and current practices.

The objective of this study is to investigate factors that affect the existence and outsourcing of internal audit functions (IAFs) among listed firms in Singapore

Social cues & cyberbullying in facebook : the effects of flaming messages, friend count and anonymity on cyberbullying behaviors

The current research seeks to investigate cyberbullying behaviors on Social Networking Sites (SNSs) by studying the effects of message, receiver and sender characteristics within one such popular platform, Facebook. Facebook, unlike older computer-mediated platforms, possesses distinct features and usage cultures, with one such example being the greater extent to which users disclose about their personal identity. The effect of such social cues and user behavioral patterns on Facebook towards cyberbullying behaviors is still not fully understood. In this study, we apply the communication model to understand how the frequency of cyberbullying activity, friend count and anonymity within Facebook can affect cyberbullying intentions and perception towards a potential cyberbully victim. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experimental design was created to examine the variables in this study. 200 undergraduates between 19 and 24 of age were recruited and randomly assigned to one of the eight experimental conditions. From the results, we found that anonymity and a greater frequency of cyberbullying activity increased the intention of users to want to cyberbully a victim. Also, a low-friend count and a greater frequency of cyberbullying activity can create a negative perception of the victim’s personality, which may lead to more online victimization. Implications of the results are discussed in the report.Bachelor of Communication Studie

Sustained activation of non-canonical NF-κB signalling drives glycolytic reprogramming in doxorubicin-resistant DLBCL

DLBCL is the most common lymphoma with high tumor heterogeneity. Treatment refractoriness and relapse from R-CHOP therapy in patients remain a clinical problem. Activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway is associated with R-CHOP resistance. However, downstream targets of non-canonical NF-κB mediating R-CHOP-induced resistance remains uncharacterized. Here, we identify the common mechanisms underlying both intrinsic and acquired resistance that are induced by doxorubicin, the main cytotoxic component of R-CHOP. We performed global transcriptomic analysis of (1) a panel of resistant versus sensitive and (2) isogenic acquired doxorubicin-resistant DLBCL cell lines following short and chronic exposure to doxorubicin respectively. Doxorubicin-induced stress in resistant cells activates a distinct transcriptional signature that is enriched in metabolic reprogramming and oncogenic signalling. Selective and sustained activation of non-canonical NF-κB signalling in these resistant cells exacerbated their survival by augmenting glycolysis. In response to doxorubicin, p52-RelB complexes transcriptionally activated multiple glycolytic regulators with prognostic significance through increased recruitment at their gene promoters. Targeting p52-RelB and their targets in resistant cells increased doxorubicin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our study uncovered novel molecular drivers of doxorubicin-induced resistance that are regulated by non-canonical NF-κB pathway. We reveal new avenues of therapeutic targeting for R-CHOP-treated refractory/relapsed DLBCL patients.Nanyang Technological UniversityNational Medical Research Council (NMRC)National Research Foundation (NRF)Submitted/Accepted versionThis study is funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore, under its Singapore NRF Fellowship (NRFNRFF2018-04). In addition, we thank the Nanyang Assistant Professorship (NAP) Startup-grant to Y.L. lab and National Medical Research Council (NMRC-OFLCG18May0028), Tanoto Foundation and Ling Foundation for their support