New records of Hydraena schuleri Ganglbauer, 1901 from Slovakia (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)

Hydraena schuleri Ganglbauer, 1901 was rediscovered after 18 years in Starý Potok, a small stream in eastern Slovakia, and we recorded it, for the first time, from the small rivers Stará Rieka and Udava in southern and eastern Slovakia. Adults were collected mainly from submerged moss growing on rocks in shallow water, where they were found together with Hydraena minutissima Stephens, 1929, H. pulchella Germar, 1824, H. pygmaea Waterhouse, 1833; Ochthebius colveranus Ferro, 1979, O. melanescens Dalla Torre, 1877, and O. metallescens Rosenhauer, 1847. We provide illustrations of the habitus and aedeagus, and a distribution map

Relationships Between the Spread of Pathogens and the Migratory Connectivity of European Wild Birds

Among emerging infectious diseases, 75 % are zoonotic. Migratory birds are important to public health because they carry emerging zoonotic pathogens or infected arthropod vectors. Disease is an important factor in the evolution of avian migrations and patterns of migratory connectivity. Research suggests that pathogen densities and diseases may influence the evolution of migratory behaviour. During the annual life cycle, European migratory birds spend: 2—4 months at the breeding locality, approximately 6 months on the wintering grounds, and several months (3 and more) on migration routes. There are many factors which determine when and where an outbreak of a disease may occur. Therefore, a complete understanding of the avian migratory systems has a high priority in the prevention of future outbreaks

New records of Hydraena schuleri Ganglbauer, 1901 from Slovakia (Coleoptera, Hydraenidae)

Hydraena schuleri Ganglbauer, 1901 was rediscovered after 18 years in Starý Potok, a small stream in eastern Slovakia, and we recorded it, for the first time, from the small rivers Stará Rieka and Udava in southern and eastern Slovakia. Adults were collected mainly from submerged moss growing on rocks in shallow water, where they were found together with Hydraena minutissima Stephens, 1929, H. pulchella Germar, 1824, H. pygmaea Waterhouse, 1833; Ochthebius colveranus Ferro, 1979, O. melanescens Dalla Torre, 1877, and O. metallescens Rosenhauer, 1847. We provide illustrations of the habitus and aedeagus, and a distribution map

Ecological Factors of Transmission, Persistence and Circulation of Pathogens In Bat Populations

The existence of bats is crucial for all ecosystem units as they fulfil numerous ecological roles. However, they are also considered to be natural reservoirs of a wide range of zoonotic microorganisms, especially viruses. In this review article we briefly summarize current knowledge about various ecological factors that facilitate bat pathogen dispersal and about the current approaches to monitoring viral communities present within bat populations. On the basis of the cited papers, we suggest that the increased focus on complex viral populations in bats and their interactions with other populations and the environment is necessary to fully comprehend the relationship between emerging infectious diseases, the environment and their toll on human health

ORAL RABIES IMMUNIZATION OF SWINE: USE OF VNUKOVO-32/107 VACCINATION STRAIN

The apathogenicity and antigenic activity of the live oral rabies vaccine prepared from the strain Vnukovo-32/107 were evaluated in two experiments carried out on non-target speciesswine (domestic swine Sus scrofa domestica and wild boar Sus scrofa). The Vnukovo-32/107 vaccination strain has been used to produce oral rabies vaccine Kamark for immunization of free living carnivores. Wild boars compete with foxes for acceptance of baits distributed in the field. The tested vaccination strain for oral application (including very high doses) proved apathogenic to non-target species -swine. Detection and quantification of rabies antibodies were carried out by an immunoenzymatic assay -ELISA, rapid fluorescence focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and virus neutralization test (VNT) on mice on days 30 and 90 post-immunization. The values obtained were expressed in international units (IU/cm 3 ); the value of 0,5 IU/cm 3 was used as a positivity criterium. Antirabic antibodies were detected in more than 50 % of animals in all three groups of two animal sets on day 30 post-immunization. The results obtained show good antigenic activity of the live oral rabies vaccine prepared from the strain Vnukovo-32/107. apathogenicity; antigenic activity Rabies, vaccination strai