16,449 research outputs found
SPMHD simulations of Structure Formation
The intracluster medium of galaxy clusters is permeated by {\mu}G magnetic
fields. Observations with current and future facilities have the potential to
illuminate the role of these magnetic fields play in the astrophysical
processes of galaxy clusters. To obtain a greater understanding of how the
initial seed fields evolve to the magnetic fields in the intracluster medium
requires magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We critically assess the current
Smoothed Particle Magneto-Hydrodynamics (SPMHD) schemes, especially
highlighting the impact of a hyperbolic divergence cleaning scheme and
artificial resistivity switch on the magnetic field evolution in cosmological
simulations of the formation of a galaxy cluster using the N-body/SPMHD code
gcmhd++. The impact and performance of the cleaning scheme and two different
schemes for the artificial resistivity switch is demonstrated via idealized
test cases and cosmological simulations. We demonstrate that the hyperbolic
divergence cleaning scheme is effective at suppressing the growth of the
numerical divergence error of the magnetic field and should be applied to any
SPMHD simulation. Although the artificial resistivity is important in the
strong field regime, it can suppress the growth of the magnetic field in the
weak field regime, such as galaxy clusters. With sufficient resolution,
simulations with divergence cleaning can reproduce observed magnetic fields. We
conclude that the cleaning scheme alone is sufficient for galaxy cluster
simulations, but our results indicate that the SPMHD scheme must be carefully
chosen depending on the regime of the magnetic field.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, published (MNRAS 476 2890
High-energy neutrino fluxes from AGN populations inferred from X-ray surveys
High-energy neutrinos and photons are complementary messengers, probing
violent astrophysical processes and structural evolution of the Universe. X-ray
and neutrino observations jointly constrain conditions in active galactic
nuclei (AGN) jets: their baryonic and leptonic contents, and particle
production efficiency. Testing two standard neutrino production models for
local source Cen A \citep{KT2008,BB2009}, we calculate the high-energy neutrino
spectra of single AGN sources and derive the flux of high-energy neutrinos
expected for the current epoch. Assuming that accretion determines both X-rays
and particle creation, our parametric scaling relations predict neutrino yield
in various AGN classes. We derive redshift-dependent number densities of each
class, from {\it Chandra} and {\it Swift}/BAT X-ray luminosity functions
\citep{SGB2008,ACS2009}. We integrate the neutrino spectrum expected from the
cumulative history of AGN (correcting for cosmological and source effects, e.g.
jet orientation and beaming). Both emission scenarios yield neutrino fluxes
well above limits set by {\it IceCube} (by -- at 1 PeV,
depending on the assumed jet models for neutrino production). This implies
that: (i) Cen A might not be a typical neutrino source as commonly assumed;
(ii) both neutrino production models overestimate the efficiency; (iii)
neutrino luminosity scales with accretion power differently among AGN classes
and hence does not follow X-ray luminosity universally; (iv) some AGN are
neutrino-quiet (e.g. below a power threshold for neutrino production); (v)
neutrino and X-ray emission have different duty cycles (e.g. jets alternate
between baryonic and leptonic flows); or (vi) some combination of the above.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA
The sign of the wave speed for the Lotka-Volterra competition-diffusion system
[[abstract]]In this paper, we study the traveling front solutions of the Lotka-Volterra competition-diffusion system with bistable nonlinearity. It is well-known that the wave speed of traveling front is unique. Although little is known for the sign of the wave speed. In this paper, we first study the standing wave which gives some criteria when the speed is zero. Then, by the monotone dependence on parameters, we obtain some criteria about the sign of the wave speed under some parameter restrictions.[[journaltype]]國外[[incitationindex]]SCI[[ispeerreviewed]]Y[[booktype]]紙本[[countrycodes]]US
Economy of Effort or Maximum Rate of Information? Exploring Basic Principles of Articulatory Dynamics
Economy of effort, a popular notion in contemporary speech research, predicts that dynamic extremes such as the maximum speed of articulatory movement are avoided as much as possible and that approaching the dynamic extremes is necessary only when there is a need to enhance linguistic contrast, as in the case of stress or clear speech. Empirical data, however, do not always support these predictions. In the present study, we considered an alternative principle: maximum rate of information, which assumes that speech dynamics are ultimately driven by the pressure to transmit information as quickly and accurately as possible. For empirical data, we asked speakers of American English to produce repetitive syllable sequences such as wawawawawa as fast as possible by imitating recordings of the same sequences that had been artificially accelerated and to produce meaningful sentences containing the same syllables at normal and fast speaking rates. Analysis of formant trajectories shows that dynamic extremes in meaningful speech sometimes even exceeded those in the nonsense syllable sequences but that this happened more often in unstressed syllables than in stressed syllables. We then used a target approximation model based on a mass-spring system of varying orders to simulate the formant kinematics. The results show that the kind of formant kinematics found in the present study and in previous studies can only be generated by a dynamical system operating with maximal muscular force under strong time pressure and that the dynamics of this operation may hold the solution to the long-standing enigma of greater stiffness in unstressed than in stressed syllables. We conclude, therefore, that maximum rate of information can coherently explain both current and previous empirical data and could therefore be a fundamental principle of motor control in speech production
Magnetoelectric Effect in Ni-PZT-Ni Cylindrical Layered Composite Synthesized by Electro-deposition
The magnetoelectric (ME) coupling of cylindrical trilayered composite was
studied in this paper. The Ni-lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-Ni trilayered
cylindrical composite was synthesized by electro-deposition. The maximum ME
voltage coefficient of cylindrical ME composite is 35V/cm Oe, about three times
higher than that of the plate trilayered composite with the same raw materials
and magnetostrictive- piezoelectric phase thickness ratio. The high ME voltage
coefficient of cylindrical composite owes to the self-bound effect of circle.
Moreover, the resulting complex condition can induce a double peak in the field
dependence of ME coefficient.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
A level of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist corresponds to low levels of continuous positive airway pressure and pressure support ventilation in patients preparing to be extubated from mechanical ventilation
Pre-low raising in Cantonese and Thai: Effects of speech rate and vowel quantity
Although pre-low raising (PLR) has been extensively studied as a type of contextual tonal variation, its underlying mechanism is barely understood. This paper explored the effects of phonetic vs phonological duration on PLR in Cantonese and Thai and examined how speech rate and vowel quantity interact with its realization in these languages, respectively. The results for Cantonese revealed that PLR always occurred before a large falling excursion (i.e., high-low); in other tonal contexts, it was observed more often in faster speech. In the Thai corpus, PLR also occurred before large falling excursions, and there was more PLR in short vowels. These results are discussed in terms of possible accounts of the underlying mechanism of PLR
50 years of British accent bias: Stability and lifespan change in attitudes to accents
Do accent biases observed half a century ago (Giles 1970) and 15 years ago (Coupland and Bishop 2007) still hold in Britain today? We provide an updated picture of national attitudes to accent labels by replicating and extending previous studies. Mean ratings and relative rankings of 38 accents for prestige and pleasantness by a large representative sample of the British population (N = 821) attest to a remarkably stable, long-standing hierarchy of accent status. We find little evidence of demotion of conservative prestige varieties or reranking of accents, although we do observe a slight improvement in lower rankings. We focus in detail on age and life stage, finding that most of the age patterns observed in earlier studies were in fact instances of age-grading (lifespan effects), not real-time change in attitude. The midlife phase of life corresponds to conservative shifts in the perception of global, migrant-heritage, and stigmatised varieties. Our findings add change in speech evaluation to the growing body of research on lifespan change in speech production. Finally, although effects of ethnicity, social class, regional self- and other-bias, and age remain firmly in place, earlier gender differences in respondent behaviour have more or less disappeared
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