Upstream Shift of Generation Region of Whistler-Mode Rising-Tone Emissions in the Magnetosphere

We have performed a series of simulation runs for whistler-mode wave-particle interaction in a parabolic magnetic field with 12 different frequencies of triggering waves and 3 different plasma frequencies specifying cold plasma densities. Under a given plasma condition, a specific frequency range of the triggering wave exists that can generate rising-tone emissions. The generation region of rising-tone emission shifts upstream. The velocity of the wave generation region is dependent on duration of the subpacket, which is controlled by the formation of the resonant current in the generation region. When the source velocity, which is a sum of the resonance and group velocities, is approximately the same as the velocity of the wave generation region, a long-sustaining rising-tone emission is generated. When the spatial and temporal gap between subpackets exists due to damping phase of short subpacket generation, resonant electrons in the gap of the subpackets are carried at the resonance velocity to the upstream region, and the velocity of the wave generation region becomes large in magnitude. When formation of resonant currents is delayed, the velocity of the generation region becomes smaller than the source velocity in magnitude. Below one quarter of the cyclotron frequency, coalescence of subpackets takes place, suppressing formation of the resonant current in the generation region. Since gradual upstream shift of the generation region is necessary for the wave to grow locally, the source velocity should be a small negative value

Nonlinear triggering process of whistler-mode emissions in a homogeneous magnetic field

We perform an electromagnetic particle simulation of triggered emissions in a uniform magnetic field for understanding of nonlinear wave–particle interaction in the vicinity of the magnetic equator. A finite length of a whistler-mode triggering wave packet with a constant frequency is injected by oscillating an external current at the equator. We find that the first subpacket of triggered emissions is generated in the homogeneous magnetic field. By analyzing resonant currents and resonant electron dynamics in the simulation, we find that the formation of an electron hole in a velocity phase space results in resonant currents, and the currents cause wave amplification and frequency increase. We obtain the interaction time of counter-streaming resonant electrons in a triggering wave packet with a finite width. By changing the duration time of the triggering pulse, we evaluate the interaction time necessary for formation of an electron hole. We conduct 4 runs with different duration times of the triggering pulse, 980, 230, 105, 40 Ωe⁻¹, which correspond to cases with interaction times, 370%, 86%, 39%, and 15% of the nonlinear trapping period, respectively. We find generation of triggered emissions in the three cases of 370%, 86%, and 39%, which agrees with the conventional nonlinear model that the nonlinear transition time, which is necessary for formation of resonant currents, is about a quarter of the nonlinear trapping period

Thermal Degradation Behavior of Poly(Lactic Acid) in a Blend with Polyethylene

Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) is a candidate for feedstock recycling materials, because it easily depolymerizes back into the cyclic monomer, L,L-lactide. To examine the recycling of PLLA from blends with other kinds of polymers, a polymer blend of PLLA and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) was prepared and thermally degraded with a degradation catalyst: magnesium oxide (MgO) in a thermogravimeter/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (Py-GC/MS). To clarify the influence of the LLDPE ingredient in the blend, the thermal degradation data were analyzed kinetically using two simulation methods: integration and random degradation analytical methods. From the results, it was found that PLLA was effectively depolymerized in the presence of MgO into L,L-lactide with a low racemization ratio and that LLDPE had no effect on the feedstock recycling of PLLA

Full Particle Simulation of Whistler-Mode Triggered Falling-Tone Emissions in the Magnetosphere

We perform a one‐dimensional electromagnetic full particle simulation for triggered falling‐tone emissions in the Earth's magnetosphere. The equatorial region of the magnetosphere is modeled with a parabolic magnetic field approximation. The short whistler‐mode waves with a large amplitude are excited and propagate poleward from an artificial current oscillating with a constant frequency and amplitude. Following the excited waves, clear emissions are triggered with a falling frequency. Without the inhomogeneity of the background magnetic field, no triggered emission appears. The falling tone has several subpackets of amplitude and decreases the frequency in a stepwise manner. The positive resonant current formed by resonant electrons in the direction of the wave magnetic field clearly shows that an electron hill is formed in the phase space and causes the frequency decrease. The entrapping of the resonant electrons at the front of the packets and the decrease of the amplitude at the end of packets are essential for the generation of falling‐tone emissions. Each wavefront of the emission has a strongly negative resonant current −JE, which results in the wave growth. In the formation process of the resonant currents, we investigate the inhomogeneous factor S, which controls the nonlinear motion of the resonant electrons interacting with waves. The factor S consists of two terms, a frequency sweep rate and a gradient of the background magnetic field. The resonant current JE in the wave packet changes its sign from negative to positive as the packet moves away from the equator, terminating the wave growth

Effect of atherothrombotic aorta on outcomes of total aortic arch replacement

ObjectiveThe effect of an atherothrombotic aorta on the short- and long-term outcomes of total aortic arch replacement, including postoperative neurologic deficits, remains unknown. We evaluated this relationship and also elucidated the synergistic effect of multiple other risk factors, in addition to an atherothrombotic aorta, on the neurologic outcome.MethodsA group of 179 consecutive patients undergoing total aortic arch replacement were studied. An atherothrombotic aorta was present in 34 patients (19%), more than moderate leukoaraiosis in 71 (39.7%), and significant extracranial carotid artery stenosis in 27 (15.1%). In-hospital deaths occurred in 2 patients, 1 (2.9%) of 34 patients with and 1 (0.7%) of 145 patients without an atherothrombotic aorta (P = .26). Permanent neurologic deficits occurred in 4 (2.2%) and transient neurologic deficits in 17 (9.5%) patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the risk factors for transient neurologic deficits were an atherothrombotic aorta (odds ratio, 4.4), extracranial carotid artery stenosis (odds ratio, 5.5), moderate/severe leukoaraiosis (odds ratio, 3.6), and cardiopulmonary bypass time (odds ratio, 1.02). To calculate the probability of transient neurologic deficits, the following equation was derived: probability of transient neurologic deficits = {1 + exp [7.276 − 1.489 (atherothrombotic aorta) − 1.285 (leukoaraiosis) − 1.701 (extracranial carotid artery stenosis) − 0.017 (cardiopulmonary bypass time)]}−1. An exponential increase occurred in the probability of transient neurologic deficits with presence of an atherothrombotic aorta and other risk factors in relation to the cardiopulmonary bypass time. Survival at 3 years after surgery was significantly reduced in patients with vs without an atherothrombotic aorta (75.0% ± 8.8% vs 89.2% ± 3.1%, P = .01).ConclusionsPatients with an atherothrombotic aorta and associated preoperative comorbidities might be predisposed to adverse short- and long-term outcomes, including transient neurologic deficits

Early patency rate and fate of reattached intercostal arteries after repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms

ObjectivesThe present study analyzes the early patency of intercostal artery reconstruction, using graft interposition and aortic patch anastomosis, and determines the fate of reattached intercostal arteries after repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.MethodsWe selected 115 patients (mean age, 63 ± 15 years; range, 19-83 years; male, n = 83) treated by thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair with 1 or more reconstructed intercostal arteries at the Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine between October 1999 and December 2012. The intercostal arteries were reconstructed using graft interposition (n = 66), aortic patch anastomosis (n = 42), or both (n = 7).ResultsThe hospital mortality rate was 7.8% (n = 9). Eleven patients (9.6%) developed spinal cord ischemic injury (permanent, n = 6, transient, n = 5). The average number of reconstructed intercostal arteries per patient was 3.0 ± 1.5 (1-7), and 345 intercostal arteries were reattached. The overall patency rate was 74.2% (256/345) and that of aortic patch anastomosis was significantly better than that of graft interposition (90.8% [109/120] vs 65.3% [147/225], P < .01), but significantly worse for patients with than without spinal cord ischemic injury (51.9% [14/27] vs 76.1% [242/318], P = .01). There was no patch aneurysm in graft interposition during a mean of 49 ± 38 (range, 2-147) postoperative months, but aortic patch anastomosis including 4 intercostal arteries became dilated in 2 patients.ConclusionsAortic patch anastomosis might offer better patency rates and prevent spinal cord ischemic injury compared with graft interposition. Although aneurysmal changes in intercostal artery reconstructions are rare, large blocks of aortic wall reconstruction should be closely monitored

The Rapeseed Project for Restoring Tsunami-Salt-Damaged Farmland after the GEJE

Oral Presentatio

フクブ ドンテキ ガイショウゴ チハツセイ ニ ショウジタ オウコウ ケッチョウ カンマク レッコウ ヘルニア ノ 1レイ

A ７７-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with complains of abdominal pain and frequent vomiting. In the past, she has never been on surgery but she suffered blunt liver injury after motor vehicle accident nine months ago. She was performed trans-catheter arterial embolization to the left hepatic lobe at that time and had been seeing a doctor regularly for post traumatic biloma. The contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan revealed a closed loop and a dilatation of a small intestine. She was diagnosed a small bowel obstruction due to a internal hernia. She was operated urgently. The surgical exploration showed that the congested jejunum incarcerated into an omental bursa, and an adhesion of the jejunum mesentery and a greater omentum. We found a mesentery hiatus of the transverse colon, through which a higher jejunum had incarcerated into the omental bursa. The jejunum was reduced manually and the hiatus was closed by suture. The patient followed a favorable postoperative course and was discharged on postoperative day６. We report a extremely rare transverse colon hiatal hernia that occurred in the late onset after blunt abdominal injury with the review of the literature

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROGRESSION OF AORTIC STENOSIS AND INFLAMMATORY CHANGE IN AORTIC VALVE IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS

The entire manuscript is available for download as a single PDF file. Higher-resolution images are unavailable. For assistance, please contact [email protected]. Fieldwork Team: Philippe Beaujard (Director of Research, French National Centre for Scientific Research). Technical Team: Dr. Vika Zafrin (Digital Scholarship Librarian, BU Libraries), Eleni Castro (OpenBU and Electronic Theses & Dissertations Librarian, BU Libraries), Dr. Fallou Ngom (Director of the African Studies Center), Dr. Peter Quella (Assistant Director, African Studies Center), Mustapha Hashim Kurfi (PhD Candidate, Department of Political Science), and Zachary Gersten (Research Assistant, African Studies Center). This collection of Malagasy Ajami materials is copied as part of the African Studies Center’s African Ajami Library. This project is partly funded by the BU African Studies Center. We thank Dr. Tim Longman, past Director of the African Studies Center, and the entire African Studies team for their support. For Inquiries: Please contact Professor Fallou Ngom ([email protected]).The material is the second part of the sixth of eleven texts (the fourth text and the second and third parts of the eleventh were not digitized) owned by Iaban’i Totôry, a diviner-healer (called ombiasy in Malagasy). Iaban’i Totôry belonged to the Anakara Clan and lived in a village called Vatomasina in the Antemoro region (in the valley of the Matatàña River). He was known to be the grandson of a famous religious chief in his village, and was close with the French colonial administration in his region, with whom he also shared the material. The original author of the material is unknown. The material was photographed between 1983 and 1990. The pages were made out of a local plant called harandrànto in Malagasy, likely of the genus Afzelia. The material was bound in zebu skin and sinew. While the exact content of material is unknown, it is believed to contain guidance for charms, divination, and healing through prayers, geomancy, and astrology

子宮内膜症性腸閉塞に対する経肛門的イレウスチューブの有用性

One of the causative diseases of intestinal obstruction in young women is bowel endometriosis. During the course of ectopic endometriosis, it is estimated that about １０％ of patients develop bowel endometriosis. The first step in treatment is drug therapy. In cases of bowel endometriosis of the colon or rectum leading to intestinal obstruction, laparotomy is often required. A ４７-year-old woman with a history of endometriosis was undergoing drug therapy. She developed abdominal pain and nausea, and was diagnosed with septic shock and fecal ileus. A transanal drainage tube was inserted for decompression. The patient’s general condition improved, and a laparoscopic low anterior resection was performed on the ２３rd day. The patient was discharged on the １０th postoperative day without any postoperative problems. This case suggests that even in the case of septic shock caused by rectal stricture due to intestinal endometriosis, initial treatment with transanal decompression may stabilize the general condition, and may be superior in cosmetic change