コウクウ ドローン ヲ モチイタ エンガンイキ ケンダクブツ カンシ シュホウ ノ カイハツ テイキアツ イベント ゴ ニ オケル ホッカイドウ トコロガワ カコウ シュウヘン ノ ケーススタディ

オホーツク海北海道沿岸地域はホタテ貝の養殖が盛んであるが，この地域を流れる河川から，低気圧イベントなどの後に供給される懸濁物による被害が問題となってきている。このため簡便で広範囲の懸濁物をモニタリングする方法の開発が望まれている。本研究は，道東常呂町を流れる常呂川の河口域を対象として，特殊な装置を必要としない航空ドローン搭載カメラのみによる濁度モニタリング方法を開発することを目的とする。計測用ではない一般向けカメラの特性は非公開の場合が多く，このようなカメラを計測に用いるには，その特性を対象物に合わせて解析する必要がある。本手法では，常呂川の河口で濁水を採水し，採水箇所でドローンをホバリングさせ河川表面を撮影し，撮影された画像と標準白板から河川表面の反射率を算出して，反射率と濁度の関係を線形回帰モデルと指数回帰モデルで比較した。線形回帰モデルのRMSEおよび指数回帰モデルでのRMSEを比較した結果，このドローンに搭載されたカメラは指数回帰モデルを用いた場合に濁度の再現性が高いことがわかった。しかしながら，本手法の精度は，河川の定常状態での低濁度を監視するには不十分である。検出精度を向上させるためには，植物プランクトンなどの有機懸濁物との同時観測が必要である。The coastal area of Hokkaido bordering the Sea of Okhotsk is famous for cultivating scallops, however, there have been problems of damage to scallops caused by suspended solids supplied from rivers flowing through these areas after low pressure events ; therefore, the development of a simple and wide-range monitoring method for suspended solids is required. This study aimed to develop a turbidity monitoring method using only an aerial drone, that does not require a special device, targeting the estuary of the Tokoro River flowing through the Tokoro Town located in east Hokkaido. The specifications of commercially available cameras for use by general customers are often not disclosed ; thus, when using such cameras for measurements, it is necessary to analyze their specifications in relation to the object of measurement. The relationship between the turbidity of the turbid water sampled in the estuary of Tokoro River and the reflectance calculated from the images of the river surface photographed with the hovering drone at the site of water sampling were compared using a linear regression model and an exponential regression model. The drone mounted camera detected turbidity with high reliability when using the exponential regression model. As a result of comparing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of both models, the camera mounted on this drone was found to have high reproducibility of high turbidity when using an exponential regression model. However, the precision of this model is slightly insufficient for routine monitoring for daily condition of the river with low turbidity. Thus, improvements such as simultaneous observation of phytoplankton other than inorganic suspended solids are necessary

A Mammalian Mitophagy Receptor, Bcl2-L-13, Recruits the ULK1 Complex to Induce Mitophagy

Summary: Degradation of mitochondria by selective autophagy, termed mitophagy, contributes to the control of mitochondrial quality. Bcl2-L-13 is a mammalian homolog of Atg32, which is an essential mitophagy receptor in yeast. However, the molecular machinery involved in Bcl2-L-13-mediated mitophagy remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that the ULK1 (unc-51-like kinase) complex is required for Bcl2-L-13 to process mitophagy. Screening of a series of yeast Atg mutants revealed that a different set of ATG genes is used for Bcl2-L-13- and Atg32-mediated mitophagy in yeast. The components of the Atg1 complex essential for starvation-induced autophagy were indispensable in Bcl2-L-13-, but not Atg32-mediated, mitophagy. The ULK1 complex, a counterpart of the Atg1 complex, is necessary for Bcl2-L-13-mediated mitophagy in mammalian cells. We propose a model where, upon mitophagy induction, Bcl2-L-13 recruits the ULK1 complex to process mitophagy and the interaction of LC3B with ULK1, as well as Bcl2-L-13, is important for the mitophagy. : Upon starvation, autophagy degrades cellular components to obtain nutrition for survival. Damaged mitochondria are removed by mitophagy, which is a specific form of autophagy. Bcl2-L-13 protein is involved in the process. Murakawa et al. find that the ULK1 complex, essential for autophagy, is necessary for Bcl2-L-13-mediated mitophagy. Keywords: Atg32, Bcl2-L-13, mitochondria, mitophag

STRESS ANALYSIS AND SEALING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN BOLTED FLANGE CONNECTIONS WITH RING JOINT GASKET SUBJECTED TO INTERNAL PRESSURE IMECE2012-87393

ABSTRACT Bolted flange connections with ring joint gaskets have been used to seal the inner fluid under higher pressure and higher temperature condition when soft gasket cannot be used in the connection. The ring joint gaskets are assumed that they can seal inner fluid by the metal-metal contact between the ring joint gasket and the grooves of flanges under higher pressure condition. However, no research on the characteristics and sealing performance evaluation for the bolted flange connections with metal ring gasket has been conducted. Therefore, assembly procedures and tightening methods of the connection with ring joint gaskets is empirically. It is important to know the characteristics such as the contact gasket stress distribution, the sealing performance and the sealing mechanism in the bolted flange connections for determining optimum tightening methods and the bolt preload. In this paper, the leakage tests for the bolted flange connections (3") with the octagonal ring joint gaskets are conducted. Measuring the leak rate of inner fluid from the connections using the pressure drop method, the Copyright © 2012 by ASME sealing performance of the connections with the ring joint gaskets is evaluated. In addition, using the 3-D FEM stress calculations, the gasket contact stress distributions for the connections with the octagonal ring joint gaskets are examined. Using these results, the optimum bolt preload of the connection with octagonal ring joint gaskets are discussed. Furthermore, the leakage tests for the bolted flange connections (20") with the octagonal ring joint gaskets are conducted in the case where the bolt tightening is carried out according to both ASME PCC-1 and JIS B 2251, respectively. The optimum tightening methods for the connection with octagonal ring joint gaskets are discussed

Synthesis and Characterization of B‑Heterocyclic π‑Radical and Its Reactivity as a Boryl Radical

The first isolation and full characterization of the stable, persistent diazaboracyclic neutral radical <b>3</b> is reported. Reduction of base-stabilized difluororoborane <b>2</b> provided radical <b>3</b> as a neutral molecule having a planar sp² boron atom attached to one fluorine and two nitrogen atoms. ESR spectroscopy and DFT calculations indicated that the unpaired electron is delocalized over the six-membered ring. Because of an electronic transition related to the singly occupied molecular orbital, <b>3</b> has a characteristic red color, as UV–vis spectroscopy showed an absorption maximum at 498 nm. Although DFT calculations suggested that radical <b>3</b> has relatively low spin density on the boron atom in comparison with the nitrogen and carbon atoms in the six-membered ring, <b>3</b> reacted as a base-stabilized boryl radical when treated with benzoquinone or benzoyl peroxide

Synthesis and Characterization of B‑Heterocyclic π‑Radical and Its Reactivity as a Boryl Radical

The first isolation and full characterization of the stable, persistent diazaboracyclic neutral radical <b>3</b> is reported. Reduction of base-stabilized difluororoborane <b>2</b> provided radical <b>3</b> as a neutral molecule having a planar sp² boron atom attached to one fluorine and two nitrogen atoms. ESR spectroscopy and DFT calculations indicated that the unpaired electron is delocalized over the six-membered ring. Because of an electronic transition related to the singly occupied molecular orbital, <b>3</b> has a characteristic red color, as UV–vis spectroscopy showed an absorption maximum at 498 nm. Although DFT calculations suggested that radical <b>3</b> has relatively low spin density on the boron atom in comparison with the nitrogen and carbon atoms in the six-membered ring, <b>3</b> reacted as a base-stabilized boryl radical when treated with benzoquinone or benzoyl peroxide

Bcl-2-like protein 13 is a mammalian Atg32 homologue that mediates mitophagy and mitochondrial fragmentation

Damaged mitochondria are removed by mitophagy. Although Atg32 is essential for mitophagy in yeast, no Atg32 homologue has been identified in mammalian cells. Here, we show that Bcl-2-like protein 13 (Bcl2-L-13) induces mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy in mammalian cells. First, we hypothesized that unidentified mammalian mitophagy receptors would share molecular features of Atg32. By screening the public protein database for Atg32 homologues, we identify Bcl2-L-13. Bcl2-L-13 binds to LC3 through the WXXI motif and induces mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy in HEK293 cells. In Bcl2-L-13, the BH domains are important for the fragmentation, while the WXXI motif facilitates mitophagy. Bcl2-L-13 induces mitochondrial fragmentation in the absence of Drp1, while it induces mitophagy in Parkin-deficient cells. Knockdown of Bcl2-L-13 attenuates mitochondrial damage-induced fragmentation and mitophagy. Bcl2-L-13 induces mitophagy in Atg32-deficient yeast cells. Induction and/or phosphorylation of Bcl2-L-13 may regulate its activity. Our findings offer insights into mitochondrial quality control in mammalian cells