Therapeutic Effects of Combination Therapy and Photobiomodulation Therapy on Retinal Regeneration

Introduction: Macular edema (ME) is produced by central extravascular inflammation of the macula subsequent to a major loss of visual action. Macular edema can happen at any phase of diabetic retinopathy, whether non-proliferative or proliferative retinopathy. Method and material: Articles were collected from four electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar Web of Science from 2000 to 2022 and electronically to study the effects of macular laser grid photocoagulation on Diabetic macular edema or Cystoid macular edema through the keywords " macular laser photocoagulation ", " macular edema ", " Cystoid macular edema ", " Intravitreal pharmacotherapies ", " Antivascular endothelial growth factor “, were searched about 219 articles found in google scholar and 165 articles in PubMed, that   58 articles were included in the study. Result: In this study, the effects of various laser photocoagulation such as Focal and/or grid macular laser, subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL), and Intravitreal pharmacotherapies (Corticosteroids such as triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone, Bevacizumab, and dexamethasone) on macular edema were investigated. A few studies had shown that the effects of corticosteroids are more effective than lasers, and a number of studies have found the effects of lasers and the combined effects of lasers with corticosteroids to be more effective. Also, some studies have also shown that the frequency and duration of follow-up and concentrations of intravitreal pharmacotherapies are effective in increasing visual outcomes. Conclusion: The results of studies showed that although corticosteroids have side effects, the combined effects of corticosteroids with subthreshold micropulse laser are effective in increasing visual acuity (VA) and central macular thickness (CMT)

Acute post sleeve surgery bleeding as rare cause of acute renal failure: a case report

Abstract Background Bariatric surgeries have been considered as one of the most important treatment procedures in recent years. Being aware of the side effects of this surgery will lead to better results after the surgery. Case presentation A 37-year-old Iranian male patient presented one day after sleeve surgery with symptoms of weakness, lethargy, and shortness of breath, which hospitalization and workup to were done to rule out pulmonary embolism. Because of the high creatinine and anuria, we couldn’t perform computed tomography angiography. A bedside ultrasound was done for the patient and showed a mild to moderate amount of fluid around the spleen and some blood clots. Due to the progressive clinical findings and suspected internal bleeding, the patient was a candidate for laparoscopic revision procedure. Gradually, after performing the surgery, removing the blood clot and reducing the compressive effect of that on the inferior verna cava which was the main reason of renal failure, the patient was able to urinate afterwards and was discharged in good general condition. Conclusion Surgeons should be aware of the management of rare surgical complications after bariatric surgeries. To be best of our knowledge, this was the first case report of a patient with acute renal failure after bariatric surgery and the rare cause of clot compression on inferior vena cava and raised abdominal compartment pressure

Comparison of VATS and thoracotomy in the treatment of empyema thoracis in children: A retrospective observational study: VATS and thoracotomy in empyema of children

Introduction: The use of minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as VATS, has impacted the management of intrathoracic diseases, including empyema thoracis (ET). While VATS is superior to thoracotomy in various thoracic diseases, no specific intervention has been proven superior for ET, and its superiority in the pediatric population is not well-established. A retrospective study was conducted to compare outcomes between VATS and thoracotomy in managing ET. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of 80 patients who underwent surgery for empyema thoracis. The patients were divided into two groups: VATS and thoracotomy. The outcomes measured were length of stay, admission days after surgery, need for segmentectomy, wound infection, pneumothorax, retained hemothorax, emphysema, redo surgery, and mortality rate. Results: There were 42 patients in the thoracotomy group and 38 patients in the VATS group. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of age, gender, involved side, etiology, and stage of the disease. The length of stay and admission days after surgery were slightly longer in the thoracotomy group than the VATS group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The incidence of wound infection, pneumothorax, retained hemothorax, and emphysema was significantly higher in the thoracotomy group than the VATS group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of redo surgery and mortality rate. Conclusion: VATS is associated with fewer complications, including wound infection, pneumothorax, retained hemothorax, and emphysema. Therefore, VATS should be considered as a safe surgical intervention for empyema thoracis