Manhattan plot displaying SKAT-O association results.

Each point represents one of the 19,293 genes tested for the association with the spherical equivalent in the UK Biobank cohort (N = 50,893). The plot shows -log10 transformed p-values for each gene plotted against the chromosomal location. The red dashed line indicates the Bonferroni significance threshold (p −6). Regions are named with symbols of genes that were most strongly associated with refractive error.</p

Characteristics of the study participants.

Characteristics of the study participants.</p

Sensitivity analyses results for the <i>SIX6</i> gene.

Y-axis shows the number of SIX6 variants included in gene-based analyses, testing associations with SPHE. The model was adjusted for age, sex and the best common variant within the same locus. The -log(p-values) from SKAT-O tests are displayed on X-axis. (PNG)</p

Sensitivity analyses results for the <i>CRX</i> gene.

Y-axis shows the number of CRX variants included in gene-based analyses, testing associations with SPHE. The model was adjusted for age, sex and the best common variant within the same locus. The -log(p-values) from SKAT-O tests are displayed on X-axis. (PNG)</p

Top eight gene associations with refractive error.

Top eight gene associations with refractive error.</p

Spherical equivalent distribution in UK Biobank cohort (N = 50,893).

The distribution of the spherical equivalent (x-axis) in the samples; the number of participants for each spherical equivalent bin is given in the y-axis. (PNG)</p

Replication of four loci associated with refractive error using gene-based analyses performed in Beaver Dam (N = 1740) and CREAM Consortium dataset (N = 11,505).

Replication of four loci associated with refractive error using gene-based analyses performed in Beaver Dam (N = 1740) and CREAM Consortium dataset (N = 11,505).</p