Philosophies of Imprisonment in Late Antiquity

One of the few things that prisons were not used for, in a legal sense, was punishment. However, a multitude of laws outlined the necessity of a quick trial and short jail time. Imprisonment was seen as an inconvenience to all parties involved, and a constant flow, rather than maintaining the status quo, was the way prisons were supposed to work. There existed no sense of the prison as a final destination for the guilty, “no one [was] to be condemned to permanent imprisonment.” Manifesting a distaste for imprisonment in general, Roman law prohibited jail time and simultaneously ascribed the uses of the institution while limiting its reach. Expediency was the best policy as far as prisons were concerned and the laws themselves upheld the preventative and practical facets of prison

Pin the Tail on . . . Somebody: The Kansas Supreme Court's Decision to Expose Firearms Dealers to Unwarranted Liability

This is the published version

PDUFA and Initial U.S. Drug Launches

In the 1970s and 1980s, many pharmaceutical firms launched new drugs abroad prior to gaining U.S. approval. Consequently, U.S. patients often faced delays in accessing important new medicines. High regulatory barriers to entry, such as a stringent regulation and a lengthy drug review process, contributed to this problem. This Article examines the impact of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), and subsequent increases in the speed of FDA review, on the likelihood of initial U.S. drug launches. These factors are hypothesized to lower regulatory barriers to entry in the U.S. pharmaceutical market. The results show that increased drug review speed and other reform-related changes, such as those affecting drug development times or the probability of approval, have increased the likelihood of initial U.S. drug launches. Overall, the results suggest that PDUFA did improve U.S. patients\u27 access to new medicines by encouraging more first drug launches in the U.S. market

PDUFA and Initial U.S. Drug Launches

In the 1970s and 1980s, many pharmaceutical firms launched new drugs abroad prior to gaining U.S. approval. Consequently, U.S. patients often faced delays in accessing important new medicines. High regulatory barriers to entry, such as a stringent regulation and a lengthy drug review process, contributed to this problem. This Article examines the impact of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), and subsequent increases in the speed of FDA review, on the likelihood of initial U.S. drug launches. These factors are hypothesized to lower regulatory barriers to entry in the U.S. pharmaceutical market. The results show that increased drug review speed and other reform-related changes, such as those affecting drug development times or the probability of approval, have increased the likelihood of initial U.S. drug launches. Overall, the results suggest that PDUFA did improve U.S. patients\u27 access to new medicines by encouraging more first drug launches in the U.S. market

Master of Science

thesisEchinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus. The two most common species are E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. They cause infections in humans called cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), respectively. Due to current epidemiological trends, there is a growing need for a sensitive and specific assay that can distinguish between the two infections. The purpose of this research was to design a multiplex PCR assay for serum that will be able to simultaneously identify and distinguish between E. granulosus and E. multilocularis via high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA). A primer set was designed to amplify the mitochondrial ND5 gene of E. multilocularis and a previously designed and tested primer set was used to amplify a genomic repeat in E. granulosus known as EgG1 Hae III. Human DNA was used as the positive internal control along with previously designed primers targeting the CFTR gene. All templates and primer sets were combined into a multiplex reaction. Optimization was achieved by varying the primer concentrations to achieve equal amplification of all targets. Serial dilution of all three templates was carried out. Each concentration of Echinococcus template was tested individually in combination with each concentration of control DNA to establish a limit of detection for each organism and an appropriate amount of control DNA to be used in the assay. iv To eliminate bias from the interpretation of results, 20 blind samples were tested. Each consisted of one of four concentrations of either Echinococcus template or water. Results were reported as E. multilocularis positive, E. granulosus positive or negative. The samples were de-blinded and compared to the results obtained. Eighteen out of 20 results were identified correctly. The two samples that were not identified correctly were called negative, but had very low concentrations of either E. granulosus or E. multilocularis template. Further research should be conducted to find a more suitable positive control due to its preferential amplification. However, this assay shows promise in its ability to detect very low levels of Echinococcus DNA and may have clinical use in the future

The Effects of Music Intervention on Pain and Anxiety in the Immediate Postoperative Period in Adults Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplastyand Total Hip Arthroplasty

https://digitalcommons.psjhealth.org/other_pubs/1126/thumbnail.jp

Preparing the Open Dialogue Approach for Implementation in the United States [English and Spanish versions]

A Spanish translation of this publication is available to download under Additional Files below. Open Dialogue is a recovery-oriented psychosocial approach that has been found to be effective with persons in acute psychiatric crisis. Drs. Douglas Ziedonis and Mary Olson are leading a multi-disciplinary team at the University of Massachusetts Medical School / UMass Memorial Health Care to develop implementation tools (manuals, fidelity scales, etc.) that are needed to implement and evaluate the Open Dialogue approach in the United States