The Principles of Campus Conception: A Spatial and Organizational Genealogy.What knowledge Can We Use from a Historical Study in Order to Analyse the Design Processes of a New Campus?

International audienceThis chapter participates to the interest of scholars concerning the relationship between spatial structure and organisational practice. Most researches analyse this relationship through built-up spaces and few studies are focusing on design phase. The study of design processes – organisational and spatial – raises methodological challenges and interrogate how the relationship between these processes could be analysed. In order to discuss the nature of the relationship between both designs: organisational and spatial, this contribution relies on an analysis of the conception processes of a campus.The hypothesis is that a genealogical approach of the history of campus architecture could reveal some specific properties of the campus and could generate a tool – an analytical framework – in order to explore the campus design project processes

Genomic Prospecting

The importance of preserving biodiversity extends beyond the discovery of new drugs to understanding how other species have dealt with medical problems we currently face. There is no shortage of incurable diseases. Cancer, autoimmune disease, emerging viruses and parasites, degenerative pathologies like arthritis and Alzheimer\u27s disease and over 2,000 hereditary diseases drive an US$11 billion National Institutes of Health budget to resolve the physiologic bases, to clone the genes and to move beyond symptomatic treatment for fatal and debilitating conditions that fill our hospitals

Nature and Health

Urbanization, resource exploitation, and lifestyle changes have diminished possibilities for human contact with nature in urbanized societies. Concern about the loss has helped motivate research on the health benefits of contact with nature. Reviewing that research here, we focus on nature as represented by aspects of the physical environment relevant to planning, design, and policy measures that serve broad segments of urbanized societies. We discuss difficulties in defining “nature” and reasons for the current expansion of the research field, and we assess available reviews. We then consider research on pathways between nature and health involving air quality, physical activity, social cohesion, and stress reduction. Finally, we discuss methodological issues and priorities for future research. The extant research does describe an array of benefits of contact with nature, and evidence regarding some benefits is strong; however, some findings indicate caution is needed in applying beliefs about those benefits, and substantial gaps in knowledge remain

Circulatory Effects of Inhaled Iloprost in the Newborn Preterm Lamb.

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has an established role in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension in the newborn. However, costs and potential toxicity associated with iNO have generated interest in alternative inhaled selective pulmonary vasodilators such as iloprost. In a preterm lamb model of respiratory distress syndrome, we studied effects of increasing doses of iloprost followed by iNO on right ventricular pressure (RVP) and circulation including cerebral oxygenation. Fetal sheep were randomized to three doses (0.2 - 4 mg/kg) of iloprost (n=9) or saline (n=10), administered as 15 min inhalations with 15 min intervals after a 60-min postnatal stabilisation. No differences were found in RVP, arterial pO2, or cardiac index according to treatment. The cerebral oxygenation, measured with near-infrared spectroscopy, deteriorated in control lambs, but not in iloprost lambs. Iloprost treatment followed by iNO resulted in a larger decrease (p=0.007) in RVP than saline treatment followed by iNO. In conclusion, iloprost stabilised cerebral oxygenation and when followed by iNO had a larger effect on RVP than iNO alone. Although species differences may be relevant, these results suggest that iloprost should be studied in newborn infants for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension