Understanding the Evolutionary Relationships and Major Traits of \u3cem\u3eBacillus\u3c/em\u3e through Comparative Genomics

Background: The presence of Bacillus in very diverse environments reflects the versatile metabolic capabilities of a widely distributed genus. Traditional phylogenetic analysis based on limited gene sampling is not adequate for resolving the genus evolutionary relationships. By distinguishing between core and pan-genome, we determined the evolutionary and functional relationships of known Bacillus. Results: Our analysis is based upon twenty complete and draft Bacillus genomes, including a newly sequenced Bacillus isolate from an aquatic environment that we report for the first time here. Using a core genome, we were able to determine the phylogeny of known Bacilli, including aquatic strains whose position in the phylogenetic tree could not be unambiguously determined in the past. Using the pan-genome from the sequenced Bacillus, we identified functional differences, such as carbohydrate utilization and genes involved in signal transduction, which distinguished the taxonomic groups. We also assessed the genetic architecture of the defining traits of Bacillus, such as sporulation and competence, and showed that less than one third of the B. subtilis genes are conserved across other Bacilli. Most variation was shown to occur in genes that are needed to respond to environmental cues, suggesting that Bacilli have genetically specialized to allow for the occupation of diverse habitats and niches. Conclusions: The aquatic Bacilli are defined here for the first time as a group through the phylogenetic analysis of 814 genes that comprise the core genome. Our data distinguished between genomic components, especially core vs. pan-genome to provide insight into phylogeny and function that would otherwise be difficult to achieve. A phylogeny may mask the diversity of functions, which we tried to uncover in our approach. The diversity of sporulation and competence genes across the Bacilli was unexpected based on previous studies of the B. subtilis model alone. The challenge of uncovering the novelties and variations among genes of the non-subtilis groups still remains. This task will be best accomplished by directing efforts toward understanding phylogenetic groups with similar ecological niches

DIPLOMADO DE PROFUNDIZACIÓN CISCO CCNP SOLUCIÓN DE DOS ESCENARIOS PRESENTES EN ENTORNOS CORPORATIVOS BAJO EL USO DE TECNOLOGÍA CISCO

Escenario 1: Se aplica las configuraciones iniciales de los protocolos de enrutamiento y conmutación para los routers R1, R2, R3, R4 y R5 según el diagrama del escenario, donde, no se asignan claves a los routers y configuración de interfaces con las direcciones que se muestran en la topología de red en los medios de la electrónica. Así mismo se crea cuatro nuevas interfaces de Loopback en R1 utilizando la asignación de direccionamiento 10.1.0.0/22 y configuraciones de interfaces para participar en el área 5 de OSPF. Se crean cuatro nuevas interfaces de Loopback en R5 utilizando la asignación de direcciones 172.5.0.0/22 y configuración de interfaces para participar en el Sistema Autónomo EIGRP 15. Se analiza la tabla de enrutamiento de R3 y verifica que R3 está aprendiendo las nuevas interfaces de Loopback del mismo modo se configura R3 para redistribuir las rutas EIGRP en OSPF usando el costo de 50000 y luego se redistribuye las rutas OSPF en EIGRP usando un ancho de banda T1 y 20,000 microsegundos de retardo, para posterior verificar en R1 y R5 que las rutas del sistema autónomo opuesto existen en su tabla de enrutamiento. Escenario 2: Una empresa de comunicaciones presenta una estructura Core acorde a la topología de redes, en donde el estudiante será el administrador de la red, el cual deberá configurar e interconectar entre sí cada uno de los dispositivos que forman parte del escenario, acorde con los lineamientos establecidos para el direccionamiento IP, Ether-channels, VLANs y demás aspectos que forman parte del escenario propuesto por el documento final del curso de CCNP en el programa de CISCO. Palabras Clave: CISCO, CCNP, Conmutación, Enrutamiento, Redes, Electrónica.Scenario 1: The initial configurations of the routing and switching protocols for the routers R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 are applied according to the diagram of the scenario, where, keys are not assigned to the routers and interface configuration with the addresses that they are shown in the network topology on the electronics media. Likewise, four new loopback interfaces are created on R1 using the 10.1.0.0/22 addressing assignment and interface configurations to participate in OSPF area 5. Four new loopback interfaces are created on R5 using the 172.5.0.0/22 address assignment and interface configuration to participate in the EIGRP 15 Autonomous System. R3's routing table is analyzed and verifies that R3 is learning the new loopback interfaces in the same way R3 is configured to redistribute EIGRP routes in OSPF using the cost of 50,000 and then redistribute OSPF routes in EIGRP using a width of T1 band and 20,000 microseconds of delay, to later verify in R1 and R5 that the routes of the opposite autonomous system exist in its routing table. Scenario 2: A communications company presents a Core structure according to the network topology, where the student will be the network administrator, who must configure and interconnect each of the devices that are part of the scenario, according to the guidelines established for IP addressing, Ether-channels, VLANs and other aspects that are part of the scenario proposed by the final document of the CCNP course in the CISCO program. Keywords: CISCO, CCNP, Routing, Swicthing, Networking, Electronics