Fruits and vegetables in the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (2008-2009): carotenoid content and assessment of individual carotenoid intake

The beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin concentrations in raw fruits and vegetables were compiled (19 fruits, 24 vegetables, and mixed fruit and salad dishes), using data from foods collected and analyzed in Brazil, by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The food intake was obtained from the Food Consumption Module of the Household Budget Survey (2008-2009), recorded in 13569 households, representative of all Brazilian regions. Vegetables contributed more to vitamin A intake than fruits (70.3% vs 21.5% retinol equivalents), raw salads, pumpkin, kale and carrot being the main contributors. The mean dietary intakes of fruits (86 g/d) and vegetables (64 gid) did not meet the recommendation of the WHO/ FAO. All food items supplied beta-carotene (0.9 mg/p/d), the major contributors being kale, pumpkin and mango. beta-Cryptoxanthin (0.1 mg/p/d) was mostly supplied by orange, tangerine and papaya"(87.4% of its intake). Lycopene (0.7 mg/p/d) was found only in guava, watermelon and tomato. Lutein (0.8 mg/p/d), violaxanthin and neoxanthin (0.6 and 0.2 mg/p/d, respectively), were mainly supplied by green leafy vegetables and beta-carotene (0.16 mg/p/d) and zeaxanthin (0.06 mg/p/d) by a small number of foods. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) from Brasilprogram iLINK+ for the promotion of scientific international collaboration of CSIC with foreign institutions from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (CYTED) programBiothani Europe SL, St Feliu De Buixalleu, Catalonia, SpainFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Biosci, Santos, BrazilUniv Campinas UNICAMP, Fac Food Engn, Dept Food Sci, Campinas, SP, BrazilCSIC, Inst Food Sci Technol & Nutr ICTAN, Dept Metab & Nutr, C Jose Antonio Novais 10, Madrid 28040, SpainFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Biosci, Santos, BrazilFAPESP: 13/50789-0|program iLINK+ for the promotion of scientific international collaboration of CSIC with foreign institutions from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC): I-LINK0770Ciencia y Tecnologia para el Desarrollo (CYTED) program: P111RT0247Web of Scienc