Actuación de la enfermera ante los desastres naturales en el Ecuador

La región de América Latina y el Caribe conoce bien la devastación ocasionada por huracanes, inundaciones, sismos, deslizamientos de tierra y erupciones volcánicas. Según el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID), en los últimos diez años, los desastres naturales han dejado un saldo de más de 45.000 muertos, 40 millones de damnificados y daños directos que superan los 20.000 millones de dólares, el sector de la salud ha sido particularmente vulnerable a estos daños, es así que en los últimos 20 años, más de 100 hospitales y 650 unidades de salud resultaron afectados a consecuencia de desastres naturales, ya sea por haber colapsado o haber quedado en condiciones vulnerables que exigieron su desalojo

Comportamiento ético en la práctica científica

Artículo¿Cómo se puede dar un comportamiento ético con validez universal en la práctica científica? Esta interrogante es difícil de responder en la actualidad por las diferentes interpretaciones filosóficas sobre la moral que han surgido desde el siglo XVII, las cuales han influido de manera decisiva a lo largo del siglo XX hasta nuestros días en el comportamiento humano en sus diversos ámbitos, y por tanto, en la práctica científica. En este ensayo se investiga si en los diversos modos de conceptuar la ética se puede dar un comportamiento moral de naturaleza universal en el ejercicio de la ciencia. Con este fin, se analizan resumidamente las raíces y principios de las tres grandes corrientes filosóficas: racionalismo, empirismo y realismo, desde la Grecia antigua (siglo VI A.C.). Debido a la característica de éste artículo, derivado de una conferencia, y a la limitación de espacio, se analiza a grandes rasgos y superficialmente sólo a los principales filósofos que dieron lugar a cada una de estas líneas de pensamiento: Descartes, Hume y Aristóteles, aunque hayan habido, y actualmente existan, filósofos que han hecho aportaciones muy valiosas en este tema

Integrated biosensors for cell culture monitoring

Biosensors for endogenous compounds, such as glucose and lactate, are applied to monitor cell cultures. Cells can be cultivated for several purposes, such as understanding and modeling some biological mechanisms, the development of new drugs and therapies, and in the field of regenerative medicine. We have realized a self-contained monitoring system with remote readout. Metabolite detection is based on oxidases immobilized onto carbon nanotubes. We calibrate the system for glucose and lactate detection in phosphate buffer solution. A hw/sw architecture records the signal generated by the biosensor and transmits it to a remote station by means of a Bluetooth module. We have validated two biosensors for metabolic monitoring in culture medium and we detect lactate production in neuroblastoma cells after 72 h of cultivation. The integrated system proposed in the present work opens new opportunities towards the development of novel tools for cell analysis

The Rac activator Tiam1 controls tight junction biogenesis in keratinocytes through binding to and activation of the Par polarity complex

The GTPases Rac and Cdc42 play a pivotal role in the establishment of cell polarity by stimulating biogenesis of tight junctions (TJs). In this study, we show that the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam1 (T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis) controls the cell polarity of epidermal keratinocytes. Similar to wild-type (WT) keratinocytes, Tiam1-deficient cells establish primordial E-cadherin–based adhesions, but subsequent junction maturation and membrane sealing are severely impaired. Tiam1 and V12Rac1 can rescue the TJ maturation defect in Tiam1-deficient cells, indicating that this defect is the result of impaired Tiam1–Rac signaling. Tiam1 interacts with Par3 and aPKCζ, which are two components of the conserved Par3–Par6–aPKC polarity complex, and triggers biogenesis of the TJ through the activation of Rac and aPKCζ, which is independent of Cdc42. Rac is activated upon the formation of primordial adhesions (PAs) in WT but not in Tiam1-deficient cells. Our data indicate that Tiam1-mediated activation of Rac in PAs controls TJ biogenesis and polarity in epithelial cells by association with and activation of the Par3–Par6–aPKC polarity complex

New Approaches for Carbon Nanotubes-Based Biosensors and Their Application to Cell Culture Monitoring

Amperometric biosensors are complex systems and they require a combination of technologies for their development. The aim of the present work is to propose a new approach in order to develop nanostructured biosensors for the real-time detection of multiple metabolites in cell culture flasks. The fabrication of five Au working electrodes onto silicon substrate is achieved with CMOS compatible microtechnology. Each working electrode presents an area of 0.25 mm2 , so structuration with carbon nanotubes and specific functionalization are carried out by using spotting technology, originally developed for microarrays and DNA printing. The electrodes are characterized by cyclic voltammetry and compared with commercially available screen-printed electrodes. Measurements are carried out under flow conditions, so a simple fluidic system is developed to guarantee a continuous flow next to the electrodes. The working electrodes are functionalized with different enzymes and calibrated for the real-time detection of glucose, lactate, and glutamate. Finally, some tests are performed on surnatant conditioned medium sampled from neuroblastoma cells (NG-108 cell line) to detect glucose and lactate concentration after 72 hours of cultivation. The developed biosensor for real-time and online detection of multiple metabolites shows very promising results towards circuits and systems for cell culture monitoring

A Self-Contained System With CNTs-Based Biosensors for Cell Culture Monitoring

Biosensors have been applied to disparate fields, especially for endogenous compounds such as glucose and lactate. The main areas of application are certainly related to medical and diagnostic purposes. However, metabolic monitoring can be also of interest in cell analysis. Cells can be cultivated for several purposes, such as understanding and modeling some biological mechanisms, the development of new drugs and therapies, or in the field of regenerative medicine. All the aforementioned applications require a thorough knowledge of the biological system under study. In this paper, we propose the development of a self-contained system based on electrochemical biosensors for cell culture monitoring. The detection is based on oxidases immobilized onto carbon nanotubes. We also develop an architecture to record the signal generated by the biosensor and transmit it to a remote station by means of a Bluetooth module. We calibrate the system for glucose and lactate detection in phosphate buffer solution. We achieve a sensitivity of 55.5 µA/mMcm-2and a detection limit of 2 µM for glucose, as well as a sensitivity of 25.0 µA/mMcm-2 and a detection limit of 11 µM for lactate. We finally validate the two biosensors for metabolic monitoring in culture medium and we detect lactate production in neuroblastoma cells after 72 h of cultivation. The integrated system proposed in the present work opens new opportunities towards the development of novel tools for cell analysis

The Rac activator Tiam1 is required for α3β1-mediated laminin-5 deposition, cell spreading, and cell migration

The Rho-like guanosine triphosphatase Rac1 regulates various signaling pathways, including integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of cells. However, the mechanisms by which integrins signal toward Rac are poorly understood. We show that the Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Tiam1 (T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1) is required for the integrin-mediated laminin (LN)-5 deposition, spreading, and migration of keratinocytes. In contrast to wild-type keratinocytes, Tiam1-deficient (Tiam1−/−) keratinocytes are unable to adhere to and spread on a glass substrate because they are unable to deposit their own LN5 substrate. Both Tiam1 and V12Rac1 can rescue the defects of Tiam1−/− keratinocytes, indicating that these deficiencies are caused by impaired Tiam1-mediated Rac activation. Tiam1−/− cells are unable to activate Rac upon α3β1-mediated adhesion to an exogenous LN5 substrate. Moreover, Tiam1 deficiency impairs keratinocyte migration in vitro and reepithelialization of excision wounds in mouse skin. Our studies indicate that Tiam1 is a key molecule in α3β1-mediated activation of Rac, which is essential for proper production and secretion of LN5, a requirement for the spreading and migration of keratinocytes

HISTÓRIA DO COLÉGIO ESTADUAL DR. GASTÃO VIDIGAL (1953-1975): UM OLHAR ANALÍTICO SOBRE A FORMAÇÃO DO CORPO DOCENTE

In the present work we aim to show an analyses on the constitution of the school staff in Dr. Gastão Vidigal State School, in order to get to know the professional qualifications of the staff members that have worked there. These reflexions are part of a broader research on the history of the aforementioned institution, located in the municipality of Maringá, in the state of Paraná, which aimed to have a look at the historical process of the institution since its foundation in 1953 until 1975 when it received a legal validation to offer the 1st and 2nd degree courses of basic education, by means of the law number 5692/71. As we believe that this school is part of a broader context, we consider it necessary to comprehend some aspects related to the colonization of the municipality. Thus, we elected as methodological procedure a bibliographical and documental research, as well as semi-structured interviews. In the first part, we digress on the foundation of Maringá; in the second part, we approach the implementation of the aforementioned institution, and, finally, we analyze the constitution of the school staff. In this way, it was possible to realize that the school staff was made up of professionals from diverging fields, of whom the majority did not have the necessary qualifications for the teaching practice, as well as of students of the same institution, as a result of the lack of specialized schools for the qualification of teachers in a state level as well as in a federal level.Por meio do presente artigo objetivamos apresentar análises acerca da formação do corpo docente do Colégio Estadual Dr. Gastão Vidigal, a fim de verificarmos a qualificação dos profissionais que nele atuaram. As reflexões que o constituem fazem parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla acerca da história da referida instituição de ensino, situada no município de Maringá-PR, que visava reconstituir seu processo histórico a partir de 1953, ano de sua criação, a 1975, quando recebeu legalmente a autorização para ofertar o ensino de 1º e 2º graus, mediante a Lei nº 5692/71. Por acreditarmos que esse estabelecimento educacional faz parte de um contexto mais amplo, julgamos necessário compreender o contexto educacional do período em questão e os aspectos relacionados à colonização do município de Maringá-PR. Nesse sentido, elegemos como procedimentos metodológicos a pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Na primeira parte, discorremos sobre a fundação de Maringá; na segunda, abordamos a implantação da supracitada instituição e, por fim, analisamos a formação do corpo docente que atuou frente à classe estudantil do referido colégio. Desse modo, foi possível constatar que o quadro de educadores fora formado por profissionais de várias áreas, os quais em sua maioria não possuíam a devida formação para o magistério, assim como por estudantes do próprio colégio, situação esta resultante da ausência de escolas de formação de professores tanto em nível estadual, como nacional