88 research outputs found

    Stability and instability in nineteenth-century fluid mechanics

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    The stability or instability of a few basic flows was conjectured, debated, and sometimes proved in the nineteenth century. Motivations varied from turbulence observed in real flows to permanence expected in hydrodynamic theories of matter. Contemporary mathematics often failed to provide rigorous answers, and personal intuitions sometimes gave wrong results. Yet some of the basic ideas and methods of the modern theory of hydrodynamic instability occurred to the elite of British and German mathematical physics, including Stokes, Kelvin, Helmholtz, and Rayleigh. This usually happened by reflecting on concrete specific problems, with a striking variety of investigative styles

    Poincaré and the Reaction Principle in Electrodynamics

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    When Henri Poincaré reviewed the then competing theories of electrodynamics in the 1890s, he required their compatibility with two principles of mechanical origin—the reaction principle and the relativity principle. Historians of relativity theory have usually focused on the relativity principle and neglected or misinterpreted Poincaré’s concern with the reaction principle. In particular, most of them have interpreted his crucial article of 1900 on “Lorentz’s theory and the principle of reaction” as an attempt to save this principle by assuming an electromagnetic momentum in addition to the momentum of matter. The purpose of this article is to dismiss this interpretation and show that Poincaré had the opposite intention as he spelled out the paradoxical consequences of Lorentz’s violation of the reaction principle. In doing so, he formally introduced a quantity that could later be interpreted as a genuine electromagnetic momentum, developed a fundamentally new understanding of Lorentz’s transformations in relation with the relativity principle and identified the paradoxes that Einstein would later solve by assuming the inertia of energy.Quand, dans les années 1890, Henri Poincaré passa en revue les diverses théories électrodynamiques alors en compétition, il exigea leur compatibilité avec deux principes hérités de la mécanique : le principe de réaction et le principe de relativité. Les historiens de la Relativité se sont généralement concentrés sur ce second principe et ils ont négligé ou mal compris son souci de respecter le principe de réaction. En particulier, la plupart d’entre eux ont interprété son article crucial de 1900 sur la théorie de Lorentz et le principe de réaction comme une tentative de sauver ce principe en admettant une quantité de mouvement électromagnétique en sus de la quantité de mouvement de la matière. Le but du présent article est de réfuter cette interprétation et de montrer que Poincaré avait l’intention opposée de mettre en évidence les conséquences paradoxales de la violation du principe de réaction dans la théorie de Lorentz. Ce faisant, il introduisit formellement une quantité que d’autres interprétèrent plus tard comme une véritable quantité de mouvement électromagnétique ; il développa une conception fondamentalement nouvelle des transformations de Lorentz en relation avec le principe de relativité ; et il identifia les paradoxes qu’Albert Einstein résolut quelques années plus tard en admettant l’inertie de l’énergie

    Kameshwar C. Wali, Chandra : A biography of S. Chandrasekhar (Chicago-London : The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991)

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    Darrigol Olivier. Kameshwar C. Wali, Chandra : A biography of S. Chandrasekhar (Chicago-London : The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991). In: Revue d'histoire des sciences, tome 45, n°2-3, 1992. Etudes sur Galilée. p. 373

    Why some physical theories should never die

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    A history of optics from Greek antiquity to the nineteenth century

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